Railway 部署

在 Railway 平台上部署和管理应用。

快速开始

# 安装 Railway CLI
npm i -g @railway/cli

# 登录
railway login

# 初始化项目
railway init

# 部署
railway up

# 打开仪表盘
railway open

railway.toml 配置文件

[build]
builder = "nixpacks"  # 或 "railpack"(Nixpacks 的继任者)
buildCommand = "npm run build"

[deploy]
preDeployCommand = ["npm run db:migrate"]  # 部署前命令
startCommand = "npm start"
healthcheckPath = "/health"
healthcheckTimeout = 300
restartPolicyType = "on_failure"  # never | on_failure | always
restartPolicyMaxRetries = 3
cronSchedule = "*/15 * * * *"  # 可选：定时任务

[service]
internalPort = 3000

railway.json 配置文件（替代格式）

{
  "$schema": "https://railway.com/railway.schema.json",
  "build": {
    "builder": "NIXPACKS",
    "buildCommand": "npm run build"
  },
  "deploy": {
    "preDeployCommand": ["npm run db:migrate"],
    "startCommand": "npm start",
    "healthcheckPath": "/",
    "healthcheckTimeout": 100,
    "restartPolicyType": "on_failure",
    "cronSchedule": "0 0 * * *"
  }
}

Nixpacks 配置

# nixpacks.toml
[variables]
NODE_ENV = "production"

[phases.setup]
nixPkgs = ["nodejs-18_x", "python311"]

[phases.install]
cmds = ["npm ci --only=production"]

[phases.build]
cmds = ["npm run build"]

[start]
cmd = "npm start"

Railpack 配置（Nixpacks 的继任者）

Railpack 是 Railway 新一代构建工具，提供更快的构建速度和更好的缓存机制。

# railpack.toml
[build]
command = "npm run build"

[start]
command = "npm start"

[cache]
paths = ["node_modules", ".next/cache"]

环境变量

# 设置变量
railway variables set DATABASE_URL="postgres://..."

# 从文件设置
railway variables set < .env

# 链接到服务
railway service
railway variables set API_KEY="secret"

数据库服务

PostgreSQL

# 添加 PostgreSQL
railway add -d postgres

# 获取连接字符串
railway variables get DATABASE_URL

Redis

railway add -d redis
# 通过 REDIS_URL 访问

MySQL

railway add -d mysql
# 通过 MYSQL_URL 访问

私有网络

Railway 提供内部 DNS 用于服务间通信：

# 内部连接字符串格式
# Format: {service-name}.railway.internal:{port}

# PostgreSQL 私有网络连接
postgresql://postgres:password@postgres.railway.internal:5432/railway

# Redis 私有网络连接
redis://default:password@redis.railway.internal:6379

环境变量配置：

# 引用其他服务
DATABASE_HOST: ${{postgres.railway.internal}}
DATABASE_PORT: 5432
REDIS_URL: ${{Redis.REDIS_URL}}

卷（持久化存储）

# 创建卷
railway volume create my-data

# 挂载到服务
railway volume attach my-data:/app/data

在代码中：

// 数据在部署之间持久化
const dataPath = '/app/data';
fs.writeFileSync(`${dataPath}/file.json`, JSON.stringify(data));

定时任务

# railway.toml
[deploy]
startCommand = "node cron.js"
cronSchedule = "0 */6 * * *"  # 每 6 小时

多服务设置

my-project/
├── api/
│   ├── railway.toml
│   └── ...
├── worker/
│   ├── railway.toml
│   └── ...
└── frontend/
    ├── railway.toml
    └── ...

部署每个服务：

cd api && railway up
cd ../worker && railway up
cd ../frontend && railway up

Dockerfile 部署

FROM node:18-alpine

WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm ci --only=production
COPY . .

EXPOSE 3000
CMD ["npm", "start"]

# railway.toml
[build]
builder = "dockerfile"
dockerfilePath = "./Dockerfile"

健康检查

// Express 健康检查端点
app.get('/health', (req, res) => {
  res.status(200).json({ 
    status: 'healthy',
    timestamp: new Date().toISOString()
  });
});

# railway.toml
[deploy]
healthcheckPath = "/health"
healthcheckTimeout = 100

水平扩展与副本

Railway 支持水平扩展，可以部署多个副本：

{
  "$schema": "https://railway.com/railway.schema.json",
  "deploy": {
    "numReplicas": 3
  }
}

多区域部署

跨多个区域部署以提高可用性和性能：

{
  "$schema": "https://railway.com/railway.schema.json",
  "deploy": {
    "multiRegionConfig": {
      "us-west2": { "numReplicas": 2 },
      "us-east4-eqdc4a": { "numReplicas": 2 },
      "europe-west4-drams3a": { "numReplicas": 2 },
      "asia-southeast1-eqsg3a": { "numReplicas": 2 }
    }
  }
}

TCP 代理

为非 HTTP 服务（如数据库）配置 TCP 代理：

# 在服务设置中配置 TCP 代理后，Railway 会提供：
# - 唯一域名和端口
# - 自动负载均衡到最近区域的副本

# 连接示例（数据库）
postgresql://user:pass@your-service.proxy.rlwy.net:12345/railway

自定义域名

# 添加自定义域名
railway domain add example.com

# Railway 自动处理 SSL 证书
# 需要在 DNS 中添加 CNAME 记录指向 Railway 提供的域名

相关资源

• Railway 文档: https://docs.railway.app
• Railway CLI: https://docs.railway.app/develop/cli
• 扩展指南: https://docs.railway.app/reference/scaling