x402-avm for TypeScript Developers

Understand the @x402-avm/* TypeScript package ecosystem, signer interfaces, registration patterns, and how to integrate Algorand payments into TypeScript applications.

Prerequisites

Before using x402-avm in TypeScript:

1. Node.js 18+ or a modern browser runtime
2. TypeScript 5+ recommended (JavaScript also works)
3. npm or yarn for package management
4. algosdk -- the Algorand JavaScript SDK (peer dependency for signer implementations)

Core Workflow: Register, Configure, Use

Every x402-avm TypeScript application follows the same pattern:

1. Create component instance (client/server/facilitator)
2. Register AVM scheme via registerExactAvmScheme()
3. Use the component (fetch, middleware, verify/settle)

The registerExactAvmScheme function is the bridge between the generic x402 core and Algorand-specific logic.

How to Proceed

Step 1: Install Packages

The package ecosystem is modular. Install only what you need:

# Core + AVM mechanism (always needed)
npm install @x402-avm/core @x402-avm/avm algosdk

# For a client application (pick one)
npm install @x402-avm/fetch      # Fetch API wrapper
npm install @x402-avm/axios      # Axios interceptor

# For a server application (pick one)
npm install @x402-avm/express    # Express.js middleware
npm install @x402-avm/hono       # Hono middleware
npm install @x402-avm/next       # Next.js middleware

# For browser wallet integration
npm install @txnlab/use-wallet

# Optional
npm install @x402-avm/paywall    # Browser paywall UI
npm install @x402-avm/extensions # Protocol extensions

Step 2: Understand the Package Structure

Package	Role	Key Exports
@x402-avm/core	Base protocol	x402Client, x402ResourceServer, x402Facilitator, HTTPFacilitatorClient
@x402-avm/avm	AVM mechanism	ClientAvmSigner, FacilitatorAvmSigner, constants, utilities
@x402-avm/express	Express middleware	paymentMiddleware, paymentMiddlewareFromConfig
@x402-avm/hono	Hono middleware	paymentMiddleware, paymentMiddlewareFromConfig
@x402-avm/next	Next.js middleware	paymentMiddleware
@x402-avm/fetch	Fetch client	wrapFetch
@x402-avm/axios	Axios client	wrapAxios
@x402-avm/paywall	Paywall UI	PaywallProvider
@x402-avm/extensions	Extensions	Bazaar, custom schemes

Step 3: Implement a Signer

The signer is the only component that touches algosdk directly. The SDK defines the interface; you provide the implementation.

For clients (browser with wallet):

import type { ClientAvmSigner } from "@x402-avm/avm";
import { useWallet } from "@txnlab/use-wallet";

const { activeAccount, signTransactions } = useWallet();

const signer: ClientAvmSigner = {
  address: activeAccount.address,
  signTransactions: async (txns, indexesToSign) => {
    return signTransactions(txns, indexesToSign);
  },
};

For clients (server-side with private key):

import type { ClientAvmSigner } from "@x402-avm/avm";
import algosdk from "algosdk";

const secretKey = Buffer.from(process.env.AVM_PRIVATE_KEY!, "base64");
const address = algosdk.encodeAddress(secretKey.slice(32));

const signer: ClientAvmSigner = {
  address,
  signTransactions: async (txns, indexesToSign) => {
    return txns.map((txn, i) => {
      if (indexesToSign && !indexesToSign.includes(i)) return null;
      const decoded = algosdk.decodeUnsignedTransaction(txn);
      return algosdk.signTransaction(decoded, secretKey).blob;
    });
  },
};

For facilitators:

import type { FacilitatorAvmSigner } from "@x402-avm/avm";
import algosdk from "algosdk";

const secretKey = Buffer.from(process.env.AVM_PRIVATE_KEY!, "base64");
const address = algosdk.encodeAddress(secretKey.slice(32));
const algodClient = new algosdk.Algodv2("", "https://testnet-api.algonode.cloud", "");

const signer: FacilitatorAvmSigner = {
  getAddresses: () => [address],
  signTransaction: async (txn, _addr) => {
    const decoded = algosdk.decodeUnsignedTransaction(txn);
    return algosdk.signTransaction(decoded, secretKey).blob;
  },
  getAlgodClient: () => algodClient,
  simulateTransactions: async (txns) => { /* ... */ },
  sendTransactions: async (signedTxns) => { /* ... */ },
  waitForConfirmation: async (txId, _net, rounds) => { /* ... */ },
};

Step 4: Register the AVM Scheme

Registration connects the AVM mechanism to the core component. Each role has its own registration function from a different subpath:

// Client
import { registerExactAvmScheme } from "@x402-avm/avm/exact/client";
registerExactAvmScheme(client, { signer });

// Server
import { registerExactAvmScheme } from "@x402-avm/avm/exact/server";
registerExactAvmScheme(server);

// Facilitator
import { registerExactAvmScheme } from "@x402-avm/avm/exact/facilitator";
registerExactAvmScheme(facilitator, { signer, networks: ALGORAND_TESTNET_CAIP2 });

Step 5: Use Constants and Utilities

import {
  ALGORAND_TESTNET_CAIP2,
  ALGORAND_MAINNET_CAIP2,
  USDC_TESTNET_ASA_ID,
  USDC_MAINNET_ASA_ID,
  isAlgorandNetwork,
  isValidAlgorandAddress,
  convertToTokenAmount,
  createAlgodClient,
} from "@x402-avm/avm";

Signer Interfaces

ClientAvmSigner

interface ClientAvmSigner {
  address: string;
  signTransactions(
    txns: Uint8Array[],
    indexesToSign?: number[],
  ): Promise<(Uint8Array | null)[]>;
}

• address: The 58-character Algorand address of the payer
• signTransactions: Signs one or more transactions. Returns null for transactions the client should not sign (e.g., fee payer transactions)
• txns: Array of unsigned transactions as raw msgpack Uint8Array
• indexesToSign: Optional array of indexes to sign. If not provided, sign all

This interface is directly compatible with @txnlab/use-wallet's signTransactions.

FacilitatorAvmSigner

interface FacilitatorAvmSigner {
  getAddresses(): readonly string[];
  signTransaction(txn: Uint8Array, senderAddress: string): Promise<Uint8Array>;
  getAlgodClient(network: Network): unknown;
  simulateTransactions(txns: Uint8Array[], network: Network): Promise<unknown>;
  sendTransactions(signedTxns: Uint8Array[], network: Network): Promise<string>;
  waitForConfirmation(txId: string, network: Network, waitRounds?: number): Promise<unknown>;
}

• getAddresses: Returns all fee payer addresses the facilitator manages
• signTransaction: Signs a single transaction for the given sender address
• getAlgodClient: Returns an Algod client for the specified network
• simulateTransactions: Simulates a transaction group before submission
• sendTransactions: Submits signed transactions to the network, returns txId
• waitForConfirmation: Waits for transaction confirmation

Important Rules / Guidelines

1. Import paths matter -- registerExactAvmScheme comes from different subpaths for client, server, and facilitator
2. Signer is the boundary -- only signer implementations import algosdk. The SDK core never touches algosdk directly
3. Raw bytes everywhere -- the SDK passes Uint8Array msgpack bytes. No base64 conversion needed within the SDK (unlike Python)
4. Registration is unconditional -- never wrap registerExactAvmScheme() in if (env.AVM_*) checks
5. Type imports -- use import type { ... } for interfaces to avoid bundling issues
6. Network constants -- always import ALGORAND_TESTNET_CAIP2 / ALGORAND_MAINNET_CAIP2 from @x402-avm/avm in SDK code

Common Errors / Troubleshooting

Error	Cause	Solution
Cannot find module '@x402-avm/avm/exact/client'	Package not installed or wrong version	Run npm install @x402-avm/avm
signTransactions is not a function	Signer object missing method	Ensure signer implements ClientAvmSigner interface
Invalid key length: expected 64	Wrong private key format	Key must be 64 bytes Base64-encoded
No scheme registered for network	AVM scheme not registered	Call registerExactAvmScheme() before use
getAddresses is not a function	Wrong signer type	Use FacilitatorAvmSigner for facilitators, ClientAvmSigner for clients
Simulation failed	Transaction would fail on-chain	Check balances, ASA opt-in, correct network
global is not defined	algosdk references global in browser	Add define: { global: 'globalThis' } to vite.config.ts
Type errors in wallet integration	@txnlab/use-wallet version mismatch	Ensure compatible version of @txnlab/use-wallet

References / Further Reading

• REFERENCE.md - Detailed package API reference
• EXAMPLES.md - Complete TypeScript code examples
• @x402-avm/core on npm
• @x402-avm/avm on npm
• GoPlausible x402-avm Examples
• GoPlausible x402-avm Documentation
• @txnlab/use-wallet Documentation