GCP Patterns

Build applications and infrastructure using Google Cloud Platform services with appropriate service selection, architecture patterns, and best practices.

Purpose

This skill provides decision frameworks and implementation patterns for Google Cloud Platform (GCP) services across compute, storage, databases, data analytics, machine learning, networking, and security. It guides service selection based on workload requirements and demonstrates production-ready patterns using Terraform, Python SDKs, and gcloud CLI.

When to Use

Use this skill when:

• Selecting GCP compute services (Cloud Run, GKE, Cloud Functions, Compute Engine, App Engine)
• Choosing storage or database services (Cloud Storage, Cloud SQL, Spanner, Firestore, Bigtable, BigQuery)
• Designing data analytics pipelines (BigQuery, Pub/Sub, Dataflow, Dataproc, Composer)
• Implementing ML workflows (Vertex AI, AutoML, pre-trained APIs)
• Architecting network infrastructure (VPC, Load Balancing, CDN, Cloud Armor)
• Setting up IAM, security, and cost optimization
• Migrating from AWS or Azure to GCP
• Building multi-cloud or GCP-first architectures

Core Concepts

GCP Service Categories

Compute Options:

• Cloud Run: Serverless containers for stateless HTTP services (auto-scale to zero)
• GKE (Google Kubernetes Engine): Managed Kubernetes for complex orchestration
• Cloud Functions: Event-driven functions for simple processing
• Compute Engine: Virtual machines for full OS control
• App Engine: Platform-as-a-Service for web applications

Storage & Databases:

• Cloud Storage: Object storage with Standard/Nearline/Coldline/Archive tiers
• Cloud SQL: Managed PostgreSQL/MySQL/SQL Server (up to 96TB)
• Cloud Spanner: Global distributed SQL with 99.999% SLA
• Firestore: NoSQL document database with real-time sync
• Bigtable: Wide-column NoSQL for time-series and IoT (petabyte scale)
• AlloyDB: PostgreSQL-compatible with 4x performance improvement

Data & Analytics:

• BigQuery: Serverless data warehouse (petabyte-scale SQL analytics)
• Pub/Sub: Global messaging and event streaming
• Dataflow: Apache Beam for stream and batch processing
• Dataproc: Managed Spark and Hadoop clusters
• Cloud Composer: Managed Apache Airflow for workflows

AI/ML Services:

• Vertex AI: Unified ML platform (training, deployment, monitoring)
• AutoML: No-code ML for standard tasks
• Pre-trained APIs: Vision, Natural Language, Speech, Translation
• TPUs: Tensor Processing Units for large model training

Decision Framework: Compute Service Selection

Need to run code in GCP?
├─ HTTP service?
│  ├─ YES → Stateless?
│  │  ├─ YES → Cloud Run (auto-scale to zero)
│  │  └─ NO → Need Kubernetes? → GKE | Compute Engine
│  └─ NO (Event-driven)
│     ├─ Simple function? → Cloud Functions
│     └─ Complex orchestration? → GKE | Cloud Run Jobs

Selection Guide:

• First choice: Cloud Run (unless state or Kubernetes required)
• Need Kubernetes: GKE Autopilot (managed) or Standard (full control)
• Simple events: Cloud Functions (60-min max execution)
• Full control: Compute Engine (VMs with custom configuration)

Decision Framework: Database Selection

Choose database type:
├─ Relational (SQL)
│  ├─ Multi-region required? → Cloud Spanner
│  ├─ PostgreSQL + high performance? → AlloyDB
│  └─ Standard RDBMS → Cloud SQL (PostgreSQL/MySQL/SQL Server)
│
├─ Document (NoSQL)
│  ├─ Mobile/web with offline sync? → Firestore
│  └─ Flexible schema, no offline? → MongoDB Atlas (Marketplace)
│
├─ Key-Value
│  ├─ Time-series or IoT data? → Bigtable
│  └─ Caching layer? → Memorystore (Redis/Memcached)
│
└─ Analytics
   └─ Petabyte-scale SQL analytics → BigQuery

Decision Framework: Storage Selection

Storage type needed?
├─ Objects/Files
│  ├─ Frequent access → Cloud Storage (Standard)
│  ├─ Monthly access → Cloud Storage (Nearline)
│  ├─ Quarterly access → Cloud Storage (Coldline)
│  └─ Yearly access → Cloud Storage (Archive)
│
├─ Block storage → Persistent Disk (SSD/Standard/Extreme)
└─ Shared filesystem → Filestore (NFS)

GCP vs AWS vs Azure Service Mapping

Category	GCP	AWS	Azure
Serverless Containers	Cloud Run	Fargate	Container Instances
Kubernetes	GKE	EKS	AKS
Functions	Cloud Functions	Lambda	Functions
VMs	Compute Engine	EC2	Virtual Machines
Object Storage	Cloud Storage	S3	Blob Storage
SQL Database	Cloud SQL	RDS	SQL Database
NoSQL Document	Firestore	DynamoDB	Cosmos DB
Data Warehouse	BigQuery	Redshift	Synapse
Messaging	Pub/Sub	SNS/SQS	Service Bus
ML Platform	Vertex AI	SageMaker	Machine Learning

Architecture Patterns

Pattern 1: Serverless Web Application

Use Case: Stateless HTTP API with database and caching

Architecture:

Internet → Cloud Load Balancer → Cloud Run → Cloud SQL (PostgreSQL)
                                            → Memorystore (Redis)
                                            → Cloud Storage

Key Services:

• Cloud Run for API service (auto-scaling containers)
• Cloud SQL for transactional data
• Memorystore for caching
• Cloud Storage for file uploads

For detailed Terraform configuration, see references/compute-services.md.

Pattern 2: Data Analytics Platform

Use Case: Real-time event processing and analytics

Architecture:

Data Sources → Pub/Sub → Dataflow → BigQuery → Looker/Tableau
                          ↓
                     Cloud Storage (staging)

Key Services:

• Pub/Sub for event ingestion (at-least-once delivery)
• Dataflow for stream processing (Apache Beam)
• BigQuery for analytics (partitioned tables, clustering)
• Cloud Storage for staging and backups

For BigQuery optimization patterns, see references/data-analytics.md.

Pattern 3: ML Pipeline

Use Case: End-to-end machine learning workflow

Architecture:

Training Data (GCS) → Vertex AI Training → Model Registry → Vertex AI Endpoints
                                                              ↓
                                                         Predictions

Key Services:

• Vertex AI Workbench for notebook development
• Vertex AI Training for custom models (GPU/TPU support)
• Vertex AI Endpoints for model serving (auto-scaling)
• Vertex AI Pipelines for orchestration (Kubeflow)

For ML implementation examples, see references/ml-ai-services.md.

Pattern 4: GKE Microservices Platform

Use Case: Complex orchestration with multiple services

Architecture:

Internet → Cloud Load Balancer → GKE Cluster
                                   ├─ Ingress Controller
                                   ├─ Service Mesh (optional)
                                   ├─ Microservice A
                                   ├─ Microservice B
                                   └─ Microservice C

Key Features:

• GKE Autopilot (fully managed nodes) or Standard (custom configuration)
• Workload Identity for secure GCP service access
• Private cluster with Private Google Access
• Config Connector for managing GCP resources via Kubernetes

For GKE setup and best practices, see references/compute-services.md.

Best Practices

Cost Optimization

Compute:

• Use Committed Use Discounts for predictable workloads (57% off)
• Use Spot VMs for fault-tolerant workloads (60-91% off)
• Cloud Run scales to zero when idle (no charges)
• GKE Autopilot charges only for pod resources, not nodes

Storage:

• Use appropriate Cloud Storage classes (Standard/Nearline/Coldline/Archive)
• Enable Object Lifecycle Management to transition cold data
• Archive backups with Coldline or Archive (99% cheaper than Standard)

Data:

• BigQuery: Use partitioned and clustered tables
• Query only needed columns (avoid SELECT *)
• Use BI Engine for caching (up to 10TB free)
• Consider flat-rate pricing for heavy BigQuery usage

For detailed cost strategies, see references/cost-optimization.md.

Security Fundamentals

IAM Best Practices:

• Follow principle of least privilege
• Use service accounts, not user accounts for applications
• Enable Workload Identity for GKE workloads (no service account keys)
• Use Secret Manager for secrets, not environment variables

Network Security:

• Use Private Google Access (access GCP services without public IPs)
• Enable Cloud NAT for outbound internet from private instances
• Implement VPC Service Controls for data exfiltration protection
• Use Identity-Aware Proxy (IAP) for zero-trust access

Data Security:

• Enable encryption at rest (default) and in transit
• Use Customer-Managed Encryption Keys (CMEK) for sensitive data
• Implement VPC Service Controls perimeter for data protection
• Enable audit logging for all projects

For comprehensive security patterns, see references/security-iam.md.

High Availability

Multi-Region Strategy:

• Cloud Storage: Use multi-region locations (US, EU, ASIA)
• Cloud SQL: Enable Regional HA (automatic failover)
• Cloud Spanner: Use multi-region configurations (99.999% SLA)
• Global Load Balancing: Route traffic to nearest healthy backend

Backup and Disaster Recovery:

• Cloud SQL: Enable automated backups and point-in-time recovery
• Persistent Disk: Schedule snapshot backups
• Cloud Storage: Enable versioning for critical data
• BigQuery: Use table snapshots for time travel

For networking and HA patterns, see references/networking.md.

Quick Reference

Common gcloud Commands

# Project management
gcloud projects list
gcloud config set project PROJECT_ID

# Cloud Run
gcloud run deploy SERVICE_NAME --image IMAGE_URL --region REGION
gcloud run services list

# GKE
gcloud container clusters create-auto CLUSTER_NAME --region REGION
gcloud container clusters get-credentials CLUSTER_NAME --region REGION

# Cloud Storage
gsutil mb gs://BUCKET_NAME
gsutil cp FILE gs://BUCKET_NAME/

# BigQuery
bq mk DATASET_NAME
bq query --use_legacy_sql=false 'SELECT * FROM dataset.table LIMIT 10'

# Cloud SQL
gcloud sql instances create INSTANCE_NAME --database-version=POSTGRES_15 --region=REGION
gcloud sql connect INSTANCE_NAME --user=postgres

For complete command reference, see examples/gcloud/common-commands.sh.

Python SDK Quick Start

# Cloud Storage
from google.cloud import storage
client = storage.Client()
bucket = client.bucket('my-bucket')
blob = bucket.blob('file.txt')
blob.upload_from_filename('local-file.txt')

# BigQuery
from google.cloud import bigquery
client = bigquery.Client()
query = "SELECT * FROM `project.dataset.table` LIMIT 10"
results = client.query(query).result()

# Pub/Sub
from google.cloud import pubsub_v1
publisher = pubsub_v1.PublisherClient()
topic_path = publisher.topic_path('project', 'topic-name')
future = publisher.publish(topic_path, b'message data')

For complete Python examples, see examples/python/.

Terraform Quick Start

# Provider configuration
terraform {
  required_providers {
    google = {
      source  = "hashicorp/google"
      version = "~> 5.0"
    }
  }
}

provider "google" {
  project = "my-project-id"
  region  = "us-central1"
}

# Cloud Run service
resource "google_cloud_run_service" "api" {
  name     = "api-service"
  location = "us-central1"

  template {
    spec {
      containers {
        image = "gcr.io/project/api:latest"
      }
    }
  }
}

For complete Terraform examples, see examples/terraform/.

Service Selection Cheatsheet

Requirement	Recommended Service	Alternative
Stateless HTTP API	Cloud Run	App Engine
Complex orchestration	GKE Autopilot	GKE Standard
Event processing	Cloud Functions	Cloud Run Jobs
Object storage	Cloud Storage	N/A
Relational database	Cloud SQL	AlloyDB, Spanner
NoSQL document	Firestore	MongoDB Atlas
Time-series data	Bigtable	N/A
Data warehouse	BigQuery	N/A
Message queue	Pub/Sub	N/A
Stream processing	Dataflow	Dataproc
Batch processing	Dataflow	Dataproc
ML training	Vertex AI	Custom on GKE
Caching	Memorystore Redis	N/A

Integration with Other Skills

Related Skills:

• infrastructure-as-code: Use Terraform to provision GCP resources (see examples/terraform/)
• kubernetes-operations: Deploy and manage applications on GKE
• building-ci-pipelines: Use Cloud Build for CI/CD to Cloud Run or GKE
• secret-management: Use Secret Manager for sensitive configuration
• observability: Use Cloud Monitoring and Cloud Logging for metrics and logs
• data-architecture: Design data lakes and warehouses using BigQuery and Cloud Storage
• mlops-patterns: Implement ML pipelines using Vertex AI
• aws-patterns: Compare AWS and GCP service equivalents for multi-cloud
• azure-patterns: Compare Azure and GCP service equivalents

Progressive Disclosure

For detailed documentation:

• Compute services: See references/compute-services.md for Cloud Run, GKE, Cloud Functions, Compute Engine, and App Engine patterns
• Storage & databases: See references/storage-databases.md for detailed service selection and configuration
• Data analytics: See references/data-analytics.md for BigQuery, Pub/Sub, Dataflow, and Dataproc patterns
• ML/AI services: See references/ml-ai-services.md for Vertex AI, AutoML, and pre-trained API usage
• Networking: See references/networking.md for VPC, Load Balancing, CDN, and Cloud Armor patterns
• Security & IAM: See references/security-iam.md for IAM patterns, Workload Identity, and Secret Manager
• Cost optimization: See references/cost-optimization.md for detailed cost reduction strategies

For working examples:

• Terraform configurations: See examples/terraform/ for infrastructure templates
• Python SDK usage: See examples/python/ for client library examples
• gcloud CLI commands: See examples/gcloud/common-commands.sh for command reference

Key Decisions Summary

When choosing GCP:

• Data analytics workloads (BigQuery is best-in-class)
• ML/AI applications (Vertex AI, TPUs, Google Research backing)
• Kubernetes-native applications (GKE invented by Kubernetes creators)
• Serverless containers (Cloud Run is mature and cost-effective)
• Real-time streaming (Pub/Sub + Dataflow)

GCP's unique advantages:

• BigQuery: Serverless, petabyte-scale, fastest data warehouse
• Cloud Run: Most mature serverless container platform
• GKE: Most advanced managed Kubernetes (Autopilot mode)
• Vertex AI: Unified ML platform (training, deployment, monitoring)
• Per-second billing and sustained use discounts (automatic cost savings)

Multi-region recommendations:

• Production workloads: Use multi-region for 99.95%+ SLA
• Cloud Storage: Multi-region for global access
• Cloud Spanner: Multi-region for global transactions
• Global Load Balancing: Route to nearest healthy backend