karpathy/jobs — BLS Job Market Visualizer

Skill by ara.so — Daily 2026 Skills collection.

A research tool for visually exploring Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook data across 342 occupations. The interactive treemap colors rectangles by employment size (area) and any chosen metric (color): BLS growth outlook, median pay, education requirements, or LLM-scored AI exposure. The pipeline is fully forkable — write a new prompt, re-run scoring, get a new color layer.

Live demo: karpathy.ai/jobs

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Installation & Setup

# Clone the repo
git clone https://github.com/karpathy/jobs
cd jobs

# Install dependencies (uses uv)
uv sync
uv run playwright install chromium

Create a .env file with your OpenRouter API key (required only for LLM scoring):

OPENROUTER_API_KEY=your_openrouter_key_here

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Full Pipeline — Key Commands

Run these in order for a complete fresh build:

# 1. Scrape BLS pages (non-headless Playwright; BLS blocks bots)
#    Results cached in html/ — only needed once
uv run python scrape.py

# 2. Convert raw HTML → clean Markdown in pages/
uv run python process.py

# 3. Extract structured fields → occupations.csv
uv run python make_csv.py

# 4. Score AI exposure via LLM (uses OpenRouter API, saves scores.json)
uv run python score.py

# 5. Merge CSV + scores → site/data.json for the frontend
uv run python build_site_data.py

# 6. Serve the visualization locally
cd site && python -m http.server 8000
# Open http://localhost:8000

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Key Files Reference

File	Description
occupations.json	Master list of 342 occupations (title, URL, category, slug)
occupations.csv	Summary stats: pay, education, job count, growth projections
scores.json	AI exposure scores (0–10) + rationales for all 342 occupations
prompt.md	All data in one ~45K-token file for pasting into an LLM
html/	Raw HTML pages from BLS (~40MB, source of truth)
pages/	Clean Markdown versions of each occupation page
site/index.html	The treemap visualization (single HTML file)
site/data.json	Compact merged data consumed by the frontend
score.py	LLM scoring pipeline — fork this to write custom prompts

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Writing a Custom LLM Scoring Layer

The most powerful feature: write any scoring prompt, run score.py, get a new treemap color layer.

1. Edit the prompt in score.py

# score.py (simplified structure)
SYSTEM_PROMPT = """
You are evaluating occupations for exposure to humanoid robotics over the next 10 years.

Score each occupation from 0 to 10:
- 0 = no meaningful exposure (e.g., requires fine social judgment, non-physical)
- 5 = moderate exposure (some tasks automatable, but humans still central)
- 10 = high exposure (repetitive physical tasks, predictable environments)

Consider: physical task complexity, environment predictability, dexterity requirements,
cost of robot vs human, regulatory barriers.

Respond ONLY with JSON: {"score": <int 0-10>, "rationale": "<1-2 sentences>"}
"""

2. Run the scoring pipeline

# The pipeline reads each occupation's Markdown from pages/,
# sends it to the LLM, and writes results to scores.json

# scores.json structure:
{
  "software-developers": {
    "score": 1,
    "rationale": "Software development is digital and cognitive; humanoid robots provide no advantage."
  },
  "construction-laborers": {
    "score": 7,
    "rationale": "Physical, repetitive outdoor tasks are targets for humanoid robotics, though unstructured environments remain challenging."
  }
  // ... 342 occupations total
}

3. Rebuild site data

uv run python build_site_data.py
cd site && python -m http.server 8000

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Data Structures

occupations.json entry

{
  "title": "Software Developers",
  "url": "https://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/software-developers.htm",
  "category": "Computer and Information Technology",
  "slug": "software-developers"
}

occupations.csv columns

slug, title, category, median_pay, education, job_count, growth_percent, growth_outlook

Example row:

software-developers, Software Developers, Computer and Information Technology,
130160, Bachelor's degree, 1847900, 17, Much faster than average

site/data.json entry (merged frontend data)

{
  "slug": "software-developers",
  "title": "Software Developers",
  "category": "Computer and Information Technology",
  "median_pay": 130160,
  "education": "Bachelor's degree",
  "job_count": 1847900,
  "growth_percent": 17,
  "growth_outlook": "Much faster than average",
  "ai_score": 9,
  "ai_rationale": "AI is deeply transforming software development workflows..."
}

---

Frontend Treemap (site/index.html)

The visualization is a single self-contained HTML file using D3.js.

Color layers (toggle in UI)

Layer	What it shows
BLS Outlook	BLS projected growth category (green = fast growth)
Median Pay	Annual median wage (color gradient)
Education	Minimum education required
Digital AI Exposure	LLM-scored 0–10 AI impact estimate

Adding a new color layer to the frontend

<!-- In site/index.html, find the layer toggle buttons -->
<button onclick="setLayer('ai_score')">Digital AI Exposure</button>

<!-- Add your new layer button -->
<button onclick="setLayer('robotics_score')">Humanoid Robotics</button>

// In the colorScale function, add a case for your new field:
function getColor(d, layer) {
  if (layer === 'robotics_score') {
    // scores 0-10, blue = low exposure, red = high
    return d3.interpolateRdYlBu(1 - d.robotics_score / 10);
  }
  // ... existing cases
}

Then update build_site_data.py to include your new score field in data.json.

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Generating the LLM-Ready Prompt File

Package all 342 occupations + aggregate stats into a single file for LLM chat:

uv run python make_prompt.py
# Produces prompt.md (~45K tokens)
# Paste into Claude, GPT-4, Gemini, etc. for data-grounded conversation

---

Scraping Notes

The BLS blocks automated bots, so scrape.py uses non-headless Playwright (real visible browser window):

# scrape.py key behavior
browser = await p.chromium.launch(headless=False)  # Must be visible
# Pages saved to html/<slug>.html
# Already-scraped pages are skipped (cached)

If scraping fails or is rate-limited:

• The html/ directory already contains cached pages in the repo
• You can skip scraping entirely and run from process.py onward
• If re-scraping, add delays between requests to avoid blocks

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Common Patterns

Re-score only missing occupations

import json, os

with open("scores.json") as f:
    existing = json.load(f)

with open("occupations.json") as f:
    all_occupations = json.load(f)

# Find gaps
missing = [o for o in all_occupations if o["slug"] not in existing]
print(f"Missing scores: {len(missing)}")
# Then run score.py with a filter for missing slugs

Parse a single occupation page manually

from parse_detail import parse_occupation_page
from pathlib import Path

html = Path("html/software-developers.html").read_text()
data = parse_occupation_page(html)
print(data["median_pay"])     # e.g. 130160
print(data["job_count"])      # e.g. 1847900
print(data["growth_outlook"]) # e.g. "Much faster than average"

Load and query occupations.csv

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv("occupations.csv")

# Top 10 highest paying occupations
top_pay = df.nlargest(10, "median_pay")[["title", "median_pay", "growth_outlook"]]
print(top_pay)

# Filter: fast growth + high pay
high_value = df[
    (df["growth_percent"] > 10) &
    (df["median_pay"] > 80000)
].sort_values("median_pay", ascending=False)

Combine CSV with AI scores for analysis

import pandas as pd, json

df = pd.read_csv("occupations.csv")

with open("scores.json") as f:
    scores = json.load(f)

df["ai_score"] = df["slug"].map(lambda s: scores.get(s, {}).get("score"))
df["ai_rationale"] = df["slug"].map(lambda s: scores.get(s, {}).get("rationale"))

# High AI exposure, high pay — reshaping, not disappearing
high_exposure_high_pay = df[
    (df["ai_score"] >= 8) &
    (df["median_pay"] > 100000)
][["title", "median_pay", "ai_score", "growth_outlook"]]
print(high_exposure_high_pay)

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Troubleshooting

playwright install fails

uv run playwright install --with-deps chromium

BLS scraping blocked / returns empty pages

• Ensure headless=False in scrape.py (already the default)
• Add manual delays; do not run in CI
• The cached html/ directory in the repo can be used directly

score.py OpenRouter errors

• Verify OPENROUTER_API_KEY is set in .env
• Check your OpenRouter account has credits
• Default model is Gemini Flash — change model in score.py for a different LLM

site/data.json not updating after re-scoring

# Always rebuild site data after changing scores.json
uv run python build_site_data.py

Treemap shows blank / no data

• Confirm site/data.json exists and is valid JSON
• Serve with python -m http.server (not file:// — CORS blocks local JSON fetch)
• Check browser console for fetch errors

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Important Caveats (from the project)

• AI Exposure ≠ job disappearance. A score of 9/10 means AI is transforming the work, not eliminating demand. Software developers score 9/10 but demand is growing.
• Scores are rough LLM estimates (Gemini Flash via OpenRouter), not rigorous economic predictions.
• The tool does not account for demand elasticity, latent demand, regulatory barriers, or social preferences for human workers.
• This is a development/research tool, not an economic publication.