AXe Reference (iOS Simulator UI Automation)

AXe is a CLI tool for interacting with iOS Simulators using Apple's Accessibility APIs and HID functionality. Single binary, no daemon required.

Installation

brew install cameroncooke/axe/axe

# Verify installation
axe --version

Critical Best Practice: describe_ui First

ALWAYS run describe_ui before UI interactions. Never guess coordinates from screenshots.

Best practice: Use describe-ui to get precise element coordinates prior to using x/y parameters (don't guess from screenshots).

# 1. FIRST: Get the UI tree with frame coordinates
axe describe-ui --udid $UDID

# 2. THEN: Tap by accessibility ID (preferred)
axe tap --id "loginButton" --udid $UDID

# 3. OR: Tap by label
axe tap --label "Login" --udid $UDID

# 4. LAST RESORT: Tap by coordinates from describe-ui output
axe tap -x 200 -y 400 --udid $UDID

Priority order for targeting elements:

1. --id (accessibilityIdentifier) - most stable
2. --label (accessibility label) - stable but may change with localization
3. -x -y coordinates from describe-ui - fragile, use only when no identifier

Core Concept: Accessibility-First

AXe's key advantage: Tap elements by accessibility identifier or label, not just coordinates.

# Coordinate-based (fragile - breaks with layout changes)
axe tap -x 200 -y 400 --udid $UDID

# Accessibility-based (stable - survives UI changes)
axe tap --id "loginButton" --udid $UDID
axe tap --label "Login" --udid $UDID

Always prefer --id or --label over coordinates.

Getting the Simulator UDID

AXe requires the simulator UDID for most commands:

# Get booted simulator UDID
UDID=$(xcrun simctl list devices -j | jq -r '.devices | to_entries[] | .value[] | select(.state == "Booted") | .udid' | head -1)

# List all simulators
axe list-simulators

Touch & Tap Commands

Tap by Accessibility Identifier (Recommended)

# Tap element with accessibilityIdentifier
axe tap --id "loginButton" --udid $UDID

# Tap element with accessibility label
axe tap --label "Submit" --udid $UDID

Tap by Coordinates

# Basic tap
axe tap -x 200 -y 400 --udid $UDID

# Tap with timing controls
axe tap -x 200 -y 400 --pre-delay 0.5 --post-delay 0.3 --udid $UDID

# Long press (hold duration in seconds)
axe tap -x 200 -y 400 --duration 1.0 --udid $UDID

Low-Level Touch Events

# Touch down (finger press)
axe touch down -x 200 -y 400 --udid $UDID

# Touch up (finger release)
axe touch up -x 200 -y 400 --udid $UDID

Swipe & Gesture Commands

Custom Swipe

# Swipe from point A to point B
axe swipe --start-x 200 --start-y 600 --end-x 200 --end-y 200 --udid $UDID

# Swipe with duration (slower = more visible)
axe swipe --start-x 200 --start-y 600 --end-x 200 --end-y 200 --duration 0.5 --udid $UDID

Gesture Presets

# Scrolling
axe gesture scroll-up --udid $UDID      # Scroll content up (swipe down)
axe gesture scroll-down --udid $UDID    # Scroll content down (swipe up)
axe gesture scroll-left --udid $UDID
axe gesture scroll-right --udid $UDID

# Edge swipes (navigation)
axe gesture swipe-from-left-edge --udid $UDID   # Back navigation
axe gesture swipe-from-right-edge --udid $UDID
axe gesture swipe-from-top-edge --udid $UDID    # Notification Center
axe gesture swipe-from-bottom-edge --udid $UDID # Home indicator/Control Center

Text Input

Type Text

# Type text (element must be focused)
axe type "user@example.com" --udid $UDID

# Type with delay between characters
axe type "password123" --char-delay 0.1 --udid $UDID

# Type from stdin
echo "Hello World" | axe type --stdin --udid $UDID

# Type from file
axe type --file /tmp/input.txt --udid $UDID

Keyboard Keys

# Press specific key by HID keycode
axe key 40 --udid $UDID  # Return/Enter

# Common keycodes:
# 40 = Return/Enter
# 41 = Escape
# 42 = Backspace/Delete
# 43 = Tab
# 44 = Space
# 79 = Right Arrow
# 80 = Left Arrow
# 81 = Down Arrow
# 82 = Up Arrow

# Key sequence with timing
axe key-sequence 40 43 40 --delay 0.2 --udid $UDID

Hardware Buttons

# Home button
axe button home --udid $UDID

# Lock/Power button
axe button lock --udid $UDID

# Long press power (shutdown dialog)
axe button lock --duration 3.0 --udid $UDID

# Side button (iPhone X+)
axe button side-button --udid $UDID

# Siri
axe button siri --udid $UDID

# Apple Pay
axe button apple-pay --udid $UDID

Screenshots

# Screenshot to auto-named file
axe screenshot --udid $UDID
# Output: screenshot_2026-01-11_143052.png

# Screenshot to specific file
axe screenshot --output /tmp/my-screenshot.png --udid $UDID

# Screenshot to stdout (for piping)
axe screenshot --stdout --udid $UDID > screenshot.png

Video Recording & Streaming

Record Video

# Start recording (Ctrl+C to stop)
axe record-video --output /tmp/recording.mp4 --udid $UDID

# Record with quality settings
axe record-video --output /tmp/recording.mp4 --quality high --udid $UDID

# Record with scale (reduce file size)
axe record-video --output /tmp/recording.mp4 --scale 0.5 --udid $UDID

Stream Video

# Stream at 10 FPS (default)
axe stream-video --udid $UDID

# Stream at specific framerate (1-30 FPS)
axe stream-video --fps 30 --udid $UDID

# Stream formats
axe stream-video --format mjpeg --udid $UDID   # MJPEG (default)
axe stream-video --format jpeg --udid $UDID    # Individual JPEGs
axe stream-video --format ffmpeg --udid $UDID  # FFmpeg compatible
axe stream-video --format bgra --udid $UDID    # Raw BGRA

UI Inspection (describe-ui)

Critical for finding accessibility identifiers and labels.

Full Screen UI Tree

# Get complete accessibility tree
axe describe-ui --udid $UDID

# Output includes:
# - Element type (Button, TextField, StaticText, etc.)
# - Accessibility identifier
# - Accessibility label
# - Frame (position and size)
# - Enabled/disabled state

Point-Specific UI Info

# Get element at specific coordinates
axe describe-ui --point 200,400 --udid $UDID

Example Output

{
  "type": "Button",
  "identifier": "loginButton",
  "label": "Login",
  "frame": {"x": 150, "y": 380, "width": 100, "height": 44},
  "enabled": true,
  "focused": false
}

Common Workflows

Login Flow

UDID=$(xcrun simctl list devices -j | jq -r '.devices | to_entries[] | .value[] | select(.state == "Booted") | .udid' | head -1)

# Tap email field and type
axe tap --id "emailTextField" --udid $UDID
axe type "user@example.com" --udid $UDID

# Tap password field and type
axe tap --id "passwordTextField" --udid $UDID
axe type "password123" --udid $UDID

# Tap login button
axe tap --id "loginButton" --udid $UDID

# Wait and screenshot
sleep 2
axe screenshot --output /tmp/login-result.png --udid $UDID

Discover Elements Before Automating

# 1. Get the UI tree
axe describe-ui --udid $UDID > /tmp/ui-tree.json

# 2. Find elements (search for identifiers)
cat /tmp/ui-tree.json | jq '.[] | select(.identifier != null) | {identifier, label, type}'

# 3. Use discovered identifiers in automation
axe tap --id "discoveredIdentifier" --udid $UDID

Scroll to Find Element

# Scroll down until element appears (pseudo-code pattern)
for i in {1..5}; do
  if axe describe-ui --udid $UDID | grep -q "targetElement"; then
    axe tap --id "targetElement" --udid $UDID
    break
  fi
  axe gesture scroll-down --udid $UDID
  sleep 0.5
done

Screenshot on Error

# Automation with error capture
if ! axe tap --id "submitButton" --udid $UDID; then
  axe screenshot --output /tmp/error-state.png --udid $UDID
  axe describe-ui --udid $UDID > /tmp/error-ui-tree.json
  echo "Failed to tap submitButton - see error-state.png"
fi

Timing Controls

Most commands support timing options:

Option	Description
--pre-delay	Wait before action (seconds)
--post-delay	Wait after action (seconds)
--duration	Action duration (for taps, button presses)
--char-delay	Delay between characters (for type)

# Example with full timing control
axe tap --id "button" --pre-delay 0.5 --post-delay 0.3 --udid $UDID

AXe vs simctl

Capability	simctl	AXe
Device lifecycle	✅	❌
Permissions	✅	❌
Push notifications	✅	❌
Status bar	✅	❌
Deep links	✅	❌
Screenshots	✅	✅ (PNG)
Video recording	✅	✅ (H.264)
Video streaming	❌	✅
UI tap/swipe	❌	✅
Type text	❌	✅
Hardware buttons	❌	✅
Accessibility tree	❌	✅

Use both together: simctl for device control, AXe for UI automation.

Troubleshooting

Element Not Found

1. Run axe describe-ui to see available elements
2. Check element has accessibilityIdentifier set in code
3. Ensure element is visible (not off-screen)

Tap Doesn't Work

1. Check element is enabled ("enabled": true in describe-ui)
2. Try adding --pre-delay 0.5 for slow-loading UI
3. Verify correct UDID with axe list-simulators

Type Not Working

1. Ensure text field is focused first: axe tap --id "textField"
2. Check keyboard is visible
3. Try --char-delay 0.05 for reliability

Permission Denied

AXe uses private APIs - ensure you're running on a Mac with Xcode installed and proper entitlements.

Resources

GitHub: https://github.com/cameroncooke/AXe

Related: xcsentinel (build orchestration)

Skills: axiom-xctest-automation, axiom-ui-testing

Agents: simulator-tester, test-runner