Saga Pattern

The Saga pattern manages data consistency across microservices in distributed transaction scenarios. A Saga is a sequence of local transactions. Each local transaction updates the database and publishes a message or event to trigger the next local transaction in the saga.

When to Use

Distributed Transactions: e.g., "Book Flight" + "Book Hotel" + "Charge Card".
Long-running processes where you can't hold a DB lock.
Ensuring eventual consistency across Services A, B, and C.

Core Concepts

Compensating Transactions

If a step fails (e.g., Card Declined), the Saga must execute compensating transactions to undo the changes made by the preceding steps (e.g., "Cancel Hotel", "Cancel Flight").

Choreography

Each service listens to events and decides what to do.

Order Service -> OrderCreated
Inventory Service -> listends to OrderCreated -> does work -> InventoryReserved

Orchestration

A central coordinator (Orchestrator) tells each service what to do.

Orchestrator -> Call Order Service
Orchestrator -> Call Inventory Service
Orchestrator -> Handle failure -> Call Compensation.

Best Practices

Do:

Prefer Orchestration for complex sagas (easier to visualize and trace).
Ensure all steps are Idempotent.
Design for failure (Everything that can fail, will fail).

Don't:

Don't rely on synchronous HTTP calls for Sagas (What if the network drops in the middle?). Use Message Queues or Persistent Orchestrators (Temporal).

Tools

Temporal.io: Workflow engine for code-based orchestration.
MassTransit (C#): Built-in Saga state machines.

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