dotnet-testing-nsubstitute-mocking
SKILL.md
NSubstitute Mocking Skill
技能說明
此技能專注於使用 NSubstitute 建立和管理測試替身,涵蓋 Test Double 五大類型、依賴隔離策略、行為設定與驗證的最佳實踐。
為什麼需要測試替身?
真實世界的程式碼通常依賴外部資源,這些依賴會讓測試變得:
- 緩慢 - 需要實際操作資料庫、檔案系統、網路
- 不穩定 - 外部服務異常導致測試失敗
- 難以重複 - 時間、隨機數導致結果不一致
- 環境依賴 - 需要特定的外部環境設定
- 開發阻塞 - 必須等待外部系統準備就緒
測試替身(Test Double)讓我們能夠隔離這些依賴,專注測試業務邏輯。
前置需求
套件安裝
<PackageReference Include="NSubstitute" Version="5.3.0" />
<PackageReference Include="xunit" Version="2.9.3" />
<PackageReference Include="Microsoft.Extensions.Logging" Version="9.0.0" />
<PackageReference Include="AwesomeAssertions" Version="9.1.0" />
基本 using 指令
using NSubstitute;
using NSubstitute.ExceptionExtensions;
using Xunit;
using AwesomeAssertions;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
Test Double 五大類型
根據 Gerard Meszaros 在《xUnit Test Patterns》中的定義:
1. Dummy - 填充物件
僅用於滿足方法簽章,不會被實際使用。
public interface IEmailService
{
void SendEmail(string to, string subject, string body, ILogger logger);
}
[Fact]
public void ProcessOrder_不使用Logger_應成功處理訂單()
{
// Dummy:只是為了滿足參數要求
var dummyLogger = Substitute.For<ILogger>();
var service = new OrderService();
var result = service.ProcessOrder(order, dummyLogger);
result.Success.Should().BeTrue();
// 不關心 logger 是否被調用
}
2. Stub - 預設回傳值
提供預先定義的回傳值,用於測試特定情境。
[Fact]
public void GetUser_有效的使用者ID_應回傳使用者資料()
{
// Arrange - Stub:預設回傳值
var stubRepository = Substitute.For<IUserRepository>();
stubRepository.GetById(123).Returns(new User { Id = 123, Name = "John" });
var service = new UserService(stubRepository);
// Act
var actual = service.GetUser(123);
// Assert
actual.Name.Should().Be("John");
// 不關心 GetById 被呼叫了幾次
}
3. Fake - 簡化實作
有實際功能但簡化的實作,通常用於整合測試。
public class FakeUserRepository : IUserRepository
{
private readonly Dictionary<int, User> _users = new();
public User GetById(int id) => _users.TryGetValue(id, out var user) ? user : null;
public void Save(User user) => _users[user.Id] = user;
public void Delete(int id) => _users.Remove(id);
}
[Fact]
public void CreateUser_建立使用者_應儲存並可查詢()
{
// Fake:有真實邏輯的簡化實作
var fakeRepository = new FakeUserRepository();
var service = new UserService(fakeRepository);
service.CreateUser(new User { Id = 1, Name = "John" });
var actual = service.GetUser(1);
actual.Name.Should().Be("John");
}
4. Spy - 記錄呼叫
記錄被如何呼叫,可以事後驗證。
[Fact]
public void CreateUser_建立使用者_應記錄建立資訊()
{
// Arrange
var spyLogger = Substitute.For<ILogger<UserService>>();
var repository = Substitute.For<IUserRepository>();
var service = new UserService(repository, spyLogger);
// Act
service.CreateUser(new User { Name = "John" });
// Assert - Spy:驗證呼叫記錄
spyLogger.Received(1).LogInformation("User created: {Name}", "John");
}
5. Mock - 行為驗證
預設期望的互動行為,測試失敗如果期望沒有滿足。
[Fact]
public void RegisterUser_註冊使用者_應發送歡迎郵件()
{
// Arrange
var mockEmailService = Substitute.For<IEmailService>();
var repository = Substitute.For<IUserRepository>();
var service = new UserService(repository, mockEmailService);
// Act
service.RegisterUser("john@example.com", "John");
// Assert - Mock:驗證特定的互動行為
mockEmailService.Received(1).SendWelcomeEmail("john@example.com", "John");
}
NSubstitute 核心功能
基本替代語法
// 建立介面替代
var substitute = Substitute.For<IUserRepository>();
// 建立類別替代(需要虛擬成員)
var classSubstitute = Substitute.For<BaseService>();
// 建立多重介面替代
var multiSubstitute = Substitute.For<IService, IDisposable>();
回傳值設定
基本回傳值
// 精確參數匹配
_repository.GetById(1).Returns(new User { Id = 1, Name = "John" });
// 任意參數匹配
_service.Process(Arg.Any<string>()).Returns("processed");
// 回傳序列值
_generator.GetNext().Returns(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
條件回傳值
// 使用委派計算回傳值
_calculator.Add(Arg.Any<int>(), Arg.Any<int>())
.Returns(x => (int)x[0] + (int)x[1]);
// 條件匹配
_service.Process(Arg.Is<string>(x => x.StartsWith("test")))
.Returns("test-result");
拋出例外
// 同步方法拋出例外
_service.RiskyOperation()
.Throws(new InvalidOperationException("Something went wrong"));
// 非同步方法拋出例外
_service.RiskyOperationAsync()
.Throws(new InvalidOperationException("Async operation failed"));
引數匹配器
// 任意值
_service.Process(Arg.Any<string>()).Returns("result");
// 特定條件
_service.Process(Arg.Is<string>(x => x.Length > 5)).Returns("long-result");
// 引數擷取
string capturedArg = null;
_service.Process(Arg.Do<string>(x => capturedArg = x)).Returns("result");
_service.Process("test");
capturedArg.Should().Be("test");
// 引數檢查
_service.Process(Arg.Is<string>(x =>
{
x.Should().StartWith("prefix");
return true;
})).Returns("result");
呼叫驗證
// 驗證被呼叫(至少一次)
_service.Received().Process("test");
// 驗證呼叫次數
_service.Received(2).Process(Arg.Any<string>());
// 驗證未被呼叫
_service.DidNotReceive().Delete(Arg.Any<int>());
// 驗證任意參數呼叫
_service.ReceivedWithAnyArgs().Process(default);
// 驗證呼叫順序
Received.InOrder(() =>
{
_service.Start();
_service.Process();
_service.Stop();
});
實戰模式
模式 1:依賴注入與測試設定
被測試類別
public class FileBackupService
{
private readonly IFileSystem _fileSystem;
private readonly IDateTimeProvider _dateTimeProvider;
private readonly IBackupRepository _backupRepository;
private readonly ILogger<FileBackupService> _logger;
public FileBackupService(
IFileSystem fileSystem,
IDateTimeProvider dateTimeProvider,
IBackupRepository backupRepository,
ILogger<FileBackupService> logger)
{
_fileSystem = fileSystem;
_dateTimeProvider = dateTimeProvider;
_backupRepository = backupRepository;
_logger = logger;
}
public async Task<BackupResult> BackupFileAsync(string sourcePath, string destinationPath)
{
if (!_fileSystem.FileExists(sourcePath))
{
_logger.LogWarning("Source file not found: {Path}", sourcePath);
return new BackupResult { Success = false, Message = "Source file not found" };
}
var fileInfo = _fileSystem.GetFileInfo(sourcePath);
if (fileInfo.Length > 100 * 1024 * 1024)
{
return new BackupResult { Success = false, Message = "File too large" };
}
var timestamp = _dateTimeProvider.Now.ToString("yyyyMMdd_HHmmss");
var backupFileName = $"{Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(sourcePath)}_{timestamp}{Path.GetExtension(sourcePath)}";
var fullBackupPath = Path.Combine(destinationPath, backupFileName);
_fileSystem.CopyFile(sourcePath, fullBackupPath);
await _backupRepository.SaveBackupHistory(sourcePath, fullBackupPath, _dateTimeProvider.Now);
_logger.LogInformation("Backup completed: {Path}", fullBackupPath);
return new BackupResult { Success = true, BackupPath = fullBackupPath };
}
}
測試類別設定
public class FileBackupServiceTests
{
private readonly IFileSystem _fileSystem;
private readonly IDateTimeProvider _dateTimeProvider;
private readonly IBackupRepository _backupRepository;
private readonly ILogger<FileBackupService> _logger;
private readonly FileBackupService _sut; // System Under Test
public FileBackupServiceTests()
{
_fileSystem = Substitute.For<IFileSystem>();
_dateTimeProvider = Substitute.For<IDateTimeProvider>();
_backupRepository = Substitute.For<IBackupRepository>();
_logger = Substitute.For<ILogger<FileBackupService>>();
_sut = new FileBackupService(_fileSystem, _dateTimeProvider, _backupRepository, _logger);
}
[Fact]
public async Task BackupFileAsync_檔案存在且大小合理_應成功備份()
{
// Arrange
var sourcePath = @"C:\source\test.txt";
var destinationPath = @"C:\backup";
var testTime = new DateTime(2024, 1, 1, 12, 0, 0);
_fileSystem.FileExists(sourcePath).Returns(true);
_fileSystem.GetFileInfo(sourcePath).Returns(new FileInfo { Length = 1024 });
_dateTimeProvider.Now.Returns(testTime);
// Act
var result = await _sut.BackupFileAsync(sourcePath, destinationPath);
// Assert
result.Success.Should().BeTrue();
result.BackupPath.Should().Be(@"C:\backup\test_20240101_120000.txt");
_fileSystem.Received(1).CopyFile(sourcePath, result.BackupPath);
await _backupRepository.Received(1).SaveBackupHistory(
sourcePath, result.BackupPath, testTime);
}
}
模式 2:Mock vs Stub 的實戰差異
Stub:關注狀態
[Fact]
public void CalculateDiscount_高級會員_應回傳20折扣()
{
// Stub:只關心回傳值,用於設定測試情境
var stubCustomerService = Substitute.For<ICustomerService>();
stubCustomerService.GetCustomerType(123).Returns(CustomerType.Premium);
var service = new PricingService(stubCustomerService);
// Act
var discount = service.CalculateDiscount(123, 1000);
// Assert - 只驗證結果狀態
discount.Should().Be(200); // 20% of 1000
}
Mock:關注行為
[Fact]
public void ProcessPayment_成功付款_應記錄交易資訊()
{
// Mock:關心是否正確互動
var mockLogger = Substitute.For<ILogger<PaymentService>>();
var stubPaymentGateway = Substitute.For<IPaymentGateway>();
stubPaymentGateway.ProcessPayment(Arg.Any<decimal>()).Returns(PaymentResult.Success);
var service = new PaymentService(stubPaymentGateway, mockLogger);
// Act
service.ProcessPayment(100);
// Assert - 驗證互動行為
mockLogger.Received(1).LogInformation(
"Payment processed: {Amount} - Result: {Result}",
100,
PaymentResult.Success);
}
模式 3:非同步方法測試
[Fact]
public async Task GetUserAsync_使用者存在_應回傳使用者資料()
{
// Arrange
var repository = Substitute.For<IUserRepository>();
repository.GetByIdAsync(123).Returns(Task.FromResult(
new User { Id = 123, Name = "John" }));
var service = new UserService(repository);
// Act
var result = await service.GetUserAsync(123);
// Assert
result.Name.Should().Be("John");
await repository.Received(1).GetByIdAsync(123);
}
[Fact]
public async Task SaveUserAsync_資料庫錯誤_應拋出例外()
{
// Arrange
var repository = Substitute.For<IUserRepository>();
repository.SaveAsync(Arg.Any<User>())
.Throws(new InvalidOperationException("Database error"));
var service = new UserService(repository);
// Act & Assert
await service.SaveUserAsync(new User { Name = "John" })
.Should().ThrowAsync<InvalidOperationException>()
.WithMessage("Database error");
}
模式 4:ILogger 驗證
由於 ILogger 的擴展方法特性,需要驗證底層的 Log 方法:
[Fact]
public async Task BackupFileAsync_檔案不存在_應記錄警告()
{
// Arrange
var sourcePath = @"C:\nonexistent\test.txt";
_fileSystem.FileExists(sourcePath).Returns(false);
// Act
var result = await _sut.BackupFileAsync(sourcePath, @"C:\backup");
// Assert
result.Success.Should().BeFalse();
// 驗證 ILogger.Log 方法被正確呼叫
_logger.Received(1).Log(
LogLevel.Warning,
Arg.Any<EventId>(),
Arg.Is<object>(v => v.ToString().Contains("Source file not found")),
null,
Arg.Any<Func<object, Exception, string>>());
}
模式 5:複雜設定管理
使用基底測試類別管理共用設定:
public class OrderServiceTestsBase
{
protected readonly IOrderRepository Repository;
protected readonly IEmailService EmailService;
protected readonly ILogger<OrderService> Logger;
protected readonly OrderService Sut;
protected OrderServiceTestsBase()
{
Repository = Substitute.For<IOrderRepository>();
EmailService = Substitute.For<IEmailService>();
Logger = Substitute.For<ILogger<OrderService>>();
Sut = new OrderService(Repository, EmailService, Logger);
}
protected void SetupValidOrder(int orderId = 1)
{
Repository.GetById(orderId).Returns(
new Order { Id = orderId, Status = OrderStatus.Pending });
}
protected void SetupEmailServiceSuccess()
{
EmailService.SendConfirmation(Arg.Any<string>()).Returns(true);
}
}
public class OrderServiceTests : OrderServiceTestsBase
{
[Fact]
public void ProcessOrder_有效訂單_應成功處理()
{
// Arrange
SetupValidOrder();
SetupEmailServiceSuccess();
// Act
var result = Sut.ProcessOrder(1);
// Assert
result.Success.Should().BeTrue();
}
}
引數匹配進階技巧
複雜物件匹配
[Fact]
public void CreateOrder_建立訂單_應儲存正確的訂單資料()
{
var repository = Substitute.For<IOrderRepository>();
var service = new OrderService(repository);
service.CreateOrder("Product A", 5, 100);
// 驗證物件屬性
repository.Received(1).Save(Arg.Is<Order>(o =>
o.ProductName == "Product A" &&
o.Quantity == 5 &&
o.Price == 100));
}
引數擷取與驗證
[Fact]
public void RegisterUser_註冊使用者_應產生正確的雜湊密碼()
{
var repository = Substitute.For<IUserRepository>();
var service = new UserService(repository);
User capturedUser = null;
repository.Save(Arg.Do<User>(u => capturedUser = u));
service.RegisterUser("john@example.com", "password123");
capturedUser.Should().NotBeNull();
capturedUser.Email.Should().Be("john@example.com");
capturedUser.PasswordHash.Should().NotBe("password123"); // 應該被雜湊
capturedUser.PasswordHash.Length.Should().BeGreaterThan(20);
}
常見陷阱與最佳實踐
✅ 推薦做法
-
針對介面而非實作建立 Substitute
// ✅ 正確:針對介面 var repository = Substitute.For<IUserRepository>(); // ❌ 錯誤:針對具體類別(除非有虛擬成員) var repository = Substitute.For<UserRepository>(); -
使用有意義的測試資料
// ✅ 正確:清楚表達意圖 var user = new User { Id = 123, Name = "John Doe", Email = "john@example.com" }; // ❌ 錯誤:無意義的資料 var user = new User { Id = 1, Name = "test", Email = "a@b.c" }; -
避免過度驗證
// ✅ 正確:只驗證重要的行為 _emailService.Received(1).SendWelcomeEmail(Arg.Any<string>()); // ❌ 錯誤:驗證所有內部實作細節 _repository.Received(1).GetById(123); _repository.Received(1).Update(Arg.Any<User>()); _validator.Received(1).Validate(Arg.Any<User>()); -
Mock 與 Stub 的明確區分
// ✅ 正確:Stub 用於設定情境,Mock 用於驗證行為 var stubRepository = Substitute.For<IUserRepository>(); // Stub var mockLogger = Substitute.For<ILogger>(); // Mock stubRepository.GetById(123).Returns(user); service.ProcessUser(123); mockLogger.Received(1).LogInformation(Arg.Any<string>());
❌ 避免做法
-
避免模擬值類型
// ❌ 錯誤:DateTime 是值類型 var badDate = Substitute.For<DateTime>(); // ✅ 正確:抽象時間提供者 var dateTimeProvider = Substitute.For<IDateTimeProvider>(); dateTimeProvider.Now.Returns(new DateTime(2024, 1, 1)); -
避免測試與實作強耦合
// ❌ 錯誤:測試實作細節 _repository.Received(1).Query(Arg.Any<string>()); _repository.Received(1).Filter(Arg.Any<Expression<Func<User, bool>>>()); // ✅ 正確:測試行為結果 var users = service.GetActiveUsers(); users.Should().HaveCount(2); -
避免設定過於複雜
// ❌ 錯誤:過多的 Substitute(可能違反 SRP) var sub1 = Substitute.For<IService1>(); var sub2 = Substitute.For<IService2>(); var sub3 = Substitute.For<IService3>(); var sub4 = Substitute.For<IService4>(); // ✅ 正確:重新思考類別職責 // 考慮是否違反單一職責原則,需要重構
識別需要替代的相依性
應該替代的
- ✅ 外部 API 呼叫(IHttpClient、IApiClient)
- ✅ 資料庫操作(IRepository、IDbContext)
- ✅ 檔案系統操作(IFileSystem)
- ✅ 網路通訊(IEmailService、IMessageQueue)
- ✅ 時間依賴(IDateTimeProvider、TimeProvider)
- ✅ 隨機數產生(IRandom)
- ✅ 昂貴的計算(IComplexCalculator)
- ✅ 記錄服務(ILogger)
不應該替代的
- ❌ 值物件(DateTime、string、int)
- ❌ 簡單的資料傳輸物件(DTO)
- ❌ 純函數工具(如 AutoMapper 的 IMapper,考慮使用真實實例)
- ❌ 框架核心類別(除非有明確需求)
疑難排解
Q1: 如何測試沒有介面的類別?
A: 確保要模擬的成員是 virtual:
public class BaseService
{
public virtual string GetData() => "real data";
}
var substitute = Substitute.For<BaseService>();
substitute.GetData().Returns("test data");
Q2: 如何驗證方法被呼叫的順序?
A: 使用 Received.InOrder():
Received.InOrder(() =>
{
_service.Start();
_service.Process();
_service.Stop();
});
Q3: 如何處理 out 參數?
A: 使用 Returns() 配合委派:
_service.TryGetValue("key", out Arg.Any<string>())
.Returns(x =>
{
x[1] = "value";
return true;
});
Q4: NSubstitute 與 Moq 該如何選擇?
A: NSubstitute 優勢:
- 語法更簡潔直觀
- 學習曲線平緩
- 沒有隱私爭議
- 對多數測試場景足夠
選擇 NSubstitute,除非:
- 專案已使用 Moq
- 需要 Moq 特有的進階功能
- 團隊已熟悉 Moq 語法
與其他技能整合
此技能可與以下技能組合使用:
- unit-test-fundamentals: 單元測試基礎與 3A 模式
- dependency-injection-testing: 依賴注入測試策略
- test-naming-conventions: 測試命名規範
- test-output-logging: ITestOutputHelper 與 ILogger 整合
- datetime-testing-timeprovider: TimeProvider 抽象化時間依賴
- filesystem-testing-abstractions: 檔案系統依賴抽象化
範本檔案參考
本技能提供以下範本檔案:
templates/mock-patterns.cs: 完整的 Mock/Stub/Spy 模式範例templates/verification-examples.cs: 行為驗證與引數匹配範例
參考資源
原始文章
本技能內容提煉自「老派軟體工程師的測試修練 - 30 天挑戰」系列文章:
- Day 07 - 依賴替代入門:使用 NSubstitute
NSubstitute 官方
Test Double 理論
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