unsloth

Overview

Unsloth (https://unsloth.ai) is an open-source library that fine-tunes open LLMs ~2x faster with ~70% less VRAM than vanilla Hugging Face + Flash Attention 2, using hand-written Triton kernels for the QLoRA/LoRA forward and backward passes. It wraps around transformers, peft, and TRL's trainers (SFTTrainer, GRPOTrainer, DPOTrainer, KTOTrainer, ORPOTrainer) rather than replacing them — so existing HF code ports over easily.

Use this skill when:

• Fine-tuning any LLM on a single GPU (or two) and you care about speed or VRAM.
• Fine-tuning an embedding or reranker model (BGE-M3, EmbeddingGemma, Qwen3-Embedding, MiniLM, MPNet, ModernBERT).
• Doing RL on reasoning models (GRPO) or preference optimization (DPO/ORPO/KTO).
• Exporting a fine-tuned model to GGUF for Ollama/llama.cpp or to vLLM/SGLang for serving.

Do not reach for Unsloth when the workload demands first-class multi-GPU training; Unsloth works with accelerate/DeepSpeed but multi-GPU is still maturing. Axolotl or torchtune are better defaults there.

The three load-bearing rules

These three show up in every Unsloth script and failing to follow them produces silent, hard-to-debug mistakes:

1. Import unsloth first. Before transformers, peft, trl, or sentence_transformers. Unsloth monkey-patches those libraries on import; the patches only apply to modules not yet imported.

2. use_gradient_checkpointing="unsloth" is a magic string, not a boolean. True gives you standard HF checkpointing. The string "unsloth" gives you Unsloth's implementation: ~30% less VRAM and ~2x larger batches. Always use the string.

3. Reloading an embedding model for inference requires for_inference=True. FastSentenceTransformer.from_pretrained(path, for_inference=True) — otherwise the model silently emits wrong (untransformed) vectors. This does not apply to decoder LMs (they use FastLanguageModel.for_inference(model) as a separate call).

Installation

Pick one; they are listed in order of preference for fresh environments:

# 1. uv (fastest, recommended)
uv pip install unsloth --torch-backend=auto
# add vLLM when doing RL or fast inference:
uv pip install unsloth vllm --torch-backend=auto

# 2. plain pip
pip install unsloth

# 3. bleeding-edge main (when a fix hasn't shipped yet)
pip uninstall unsloth unsloth_zoo -y
pip install --no-deps git+https://github.com/unslothai/unsloth_zoo.git
pip install --no-deps git+https://github.com/unslothai/unsloth.git

# 4. dependency hell escape hatch
pip install --upgrade --force-reinstall --no-cache-dir --no-deps unsloth unsloth_zoo

Requirements: NVIDIA GPU with CUDA capability ≥7.0, CUDA 12.4+ (12.8+ for Blackwell), Python 3.11-3.13. AMD and Intel are supported via the "Unsloth Core" install pages; macOS/MLX is listed as coming soon. Pin transformers and trl to known-good versions — Unsloth ships frequently.

For Modal deployments, install inside the modal.Image.uv_pip_install(...) layer and pin exact versions, since nightly-ish releases can break reproducibility. See references/deployment.md for a full Modal example.

The four APIs

Class	Use for
FastLanguageModel	Standard decoder LLMs (Llama, Qwen, Mistral, Gemma, Phi, DeepSeek). The default.
FastSentenceTransformer	Encoder embedding and reranker models (BGE, EmbeddingGemma, Qwen3-Embedding, MiniLM, ModernBERT).
FastVisionModel	Multimodal VLMs (Llama-Vision, Qwen-VL, Pixtral, LLaVA, Gemma-3 vision).
FastModel	Generic loader for anything else: classification heads (AutoModelForSequenceClassification), TTS (Orpheus, Sesame-CSM, Spark-TTS), STT (Whisper), and models requiring trust_remote_code=True.

All four share the same shape: from_pretrained(...), get_peft_model(...), and save/push helpers (save_pretrained, save_pretrained_merged, save_pretrained_gguf, push_to_hub*).

Golden path: embedding fine-tuning

This is the flow for BGE-M3, EmbeddingGemma, Qwen3-Embedding, MiniLM, and similar. Embedding training uses Hugging Face's SentenceTransformerTrainer, not TRL's SFTTrainer.

from unsloth import FastSentenceTransformer, is_bf16_supported

model = FastSentenceTransformer.from_pretrained(
    model_name = "unsloth/bge-m3",       # or embeddinggemma-300m, Qwen3-Embedding-0.6B, all-MiniLM-L6-v2
    max_seq_length = 512,                # 1024 for EmbeddingGemma; bump for long-context retrieval
    full_finetuning = False,             # True disables LoRA
)

model = FastSentenceTransformer.get_peft_model(
    model,
    r = 32,                              # MiniLM uses 64; BGE-M3 and Qwen3-Emb use 32
    lora_alpha = 64,                     # typically r or 2*r
    lora_dropout = 0,
    bias = "none",
    target_modules = ["key", "query", "value", "dense"],   # BERT/BGE family
    # target_modules = ["q_proj","k_proj","v_proj","o_proj","gate_proj","up_proj","down_proj"],  # EmbeddingGemma / Qwen3-Emb
    use_gradient_checkpointing = False,  # "unsloth" for EmbeddingGemma
    task_type = "FEATURE_EXTRACTION",    # crucial — not SEQ_CLS
    random_state = 3407,
)

from datasets import load_dataset
dataset = load_dataset("sentence-transformers/all-nli", "pair", split="train[:100000]")
# Each row: {"anchor": "...", "positive": "..."} — MNRL uses in-batch examples as negatives.

from sentence_transformers import (
    SentenceTransformerTrainer, SentenceTransformerTrainingArguments, losses,
)
from sentence_transformers.training_args import BatchSamplers

trainer = SentenceTransformerTrainer(
    model = model,
    train_dataset = dataset,
    loss = losses.MultipleNegativesRankingLoss(model),
    args = SentenceTransformerTrainingArguments(
        output_dir = "output",
        num_train_epochs = 2,
        per_device_train_batch_size = 256,       # large batches feed MNRL more in-batch negatives
        learning_rate = 3e-5,                    # 2e-4 MiniLM, 2e-5 EmbeddingGemma, 3e-5 BGE/Qwen3
        warmup_ratio = 0.03,
        lr_scheduler_type = "constant_with_warmup",
        bf16 = is_bf16_supported(),
        fp16 = not is_bf16_supported(),
        batch_sampler = BatchSamplers.NO_DUPLICATES,  # avoids in-batch duplicate false-negatives with MNRL
        logging_steps = 50,
        report_to = "none",
    ),
)
trainer.train()

# Reload for inference (remember for_inference=True!)
model = FastSentenceTransformer.from_pretrained("output", for_inference=True)

Loss choice:

• MultipleNegativesRankingLoss — default for {anchor, positive} pairs. Larger batches = harder negatives = better model.
• CachedMultipleNegativesRankingLoss — same idea but memory-efficient; use when batch size is VRAM-constrained.
• TripletLoss — for {anchor, positive, negative} triplets.

Evaluation: attach an InformationRetrievalEvaluator with eval_strategy="steps" + eval_steps=N in the training args. See references/embeddings.md for the full pattern.

Deployment: once saved (save_pretrained or save_pretrained_merged), production code can load with plain SentenceTransformer(...) — no Unsloth dependency needed downstream. Works with FAISS, pgvector, Weaviate, TEI, LangChain, LlamaIndex.

See references/embeddings.md for: classifier training on ModernBERT, reranker/cross-encoder training, the EmbeddingGemma query/document prompts pattern, and GGUF export for embedding servers.

Golden path: causal LLM SFT (LoRA / QLoRA)

from unsloth import FastLanguageModel

model, tokenizer = FastLanguageModel.from_pretrained(
    model_name = "unsloth/Llama-3.1-8B",
    max_seq_length = 2048,
    dtype = None,                    # auto: bf16 if supported, else fp16
    load_in_4bit = True,             # QLoRA
)

model = FastLanguageModel.get_peft_model(
    model,
    r = 16,                          # 8/16/32/64/128; 16 is the safe default
    lora_alpha = 16,                 # = r (or 2*r)
    lora_dropout = 0,                # Unsloth is optimized for 0
    bias = "none",
    target_modules = ["q_proj","k_proj","v_proj","o_proj",
                      "gate_proj","up_proj","down_proj"],
    use_gradient_checkpointing = "unsloth",
    random_state = 3407,
)

from unsloth.chat_templates import get_chat_template, standardize_sharegpt
tokenizer = get_chat_template(tokenizer, chat_template="llama-3.1")

from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("mlabonne/FineTome-100k", split="train")
ds = standardize_sharegpt(ds)    # normalizes {from,value} -> {role,content}

def format(examples):
    texts = [tokenizer.apply_chat_template(c, tokenize=False, add_generation_prompt=False)
             for c in examples["conversations"]]
    return {"text": texts}
ds = ds.map(format, batched=True)

from trl import SFTTrainer, SFTConfig
trainer = SFTTrainer(
    model = model, tokenizer = tokenizer, train_dataset = ds,
    dataset_text_field = "text", max_seq_length = 2048, packing = False,
    args = SFTConfig(
        per_device_train_batch_size = 2,
        gradient_accumulation_steps = 4,
        warmup_steps = 5,
        max_steps = 60,              # or num_train_epochs = 1..3 for a full run
        learning_rate = 2e-4,
        optim = "adamw_8bit",
        weight_decay = 0.001,
        lr_scheduler_type = "linear",
        seed = 3407,
        output_dir = "outputs",
        logging_steps = 1,
        report_to = "none",
    ),
)

# Optional: train only on assistant tokens. Boosts accuracy ~1%.
# Watch out: wrong strings here silently produce all labels = -100 => loss = 0.
from unsloth.chat_templates import train_on_responses_only
trainer = train_on_responses_only(
    trainer,
    instruction_part = "<|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|>\n\n",
    response_part    = "<|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|>\n\n",
)

trainer.train()

FastLanguageModel.for_inference(model)    # switch to fast inference mode

See references/sft.md for: chat template strings per family (Llama, Gemma, Qwen, Phi), dataset formats (Alpaca, ShareGPT, ChatML, raw text), continued pretraining with UnslothTrainer, multi-GPU notes, and early stopping.

Golden path: RL (GRPO, DPO, and friends)

GRPO is Unsloth's flagship RL pathway for training reasoning models with verifiable rewards (math, code execution, schema validation). DPO/ORPO/KTO/SimPO are supported via TRL trainers; PPO is supported but less documented.

GRPO preconditions: model ≥1.5B params, dataset ≥500 rows, train for ≥300 steps before expecting reward curves to improve.

import os
os.environ["UNSLOTH_VLLM_STANDBY"] = "1"   # +30% context, shares mem with vLLM

from unsloth import FastLanguageModel
model, tokenizer = FastLanguageModel.from_pretrained(
    model_name = "meta-llama/Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct",
    max_seq_length = 2048,
    load_in_4bit = False,           # 16-bit LoRA for RL
    fast_inference = True,          # vLLM generation backend
    max_lora_rank = 64,
    gpu_memory_utilization = 0.9,
)

model = FastLanguageModel.get_peft_model(
    model,
    r = 64, lora_alpha = 64, lora_dropout = 0, bias = "none",
    target_modules = ["q_proj","k_proj","v_proj","o_proj",
                      "gate_proj","up_proj","down_proj"],
    use_gradient_checkpointing = "unsloth",
    random_state = 3407,
)

from trl import GRPOConfig, GRPOTrainer
trainer = GRPOTrainer(
    model = model, tokenizer = tokenizer,
    reward_funcs = [match_format_exactly, check_answer, check_numbers],  # your verifiers
    train_dataset = dataset,
    args = GRPOConfig(
        learning_rate = 5e-6,           # RL LR: ~40x smaller than SFT
        weight_decay = 0.1,
        warmup_ratio = 0.1,
        lr_scheduler_type = "cosine",
        optim = "adamw_8bit",
        per_device_train_batch_size = 1,
        gradient_accumulation_steps = 4,
        num_generations = 4,            # 4-8 typical; lower if OOM
        max_prompt_length = 512,
        max_completion_length = 1536,
        max_steps = 500,
        save_steps = 250,
        report_to = "none",
        output_dir = "outputs",
    ),
)
trainer.train()

Reward-function signatures: fn(completions, **kwargs) -> list[float] or fn(prompts, completions, answer, **kwargs) -> list[float]. Prefer many small verifiers over one monolithic score — each one becomes a separate learning signal.

DPO quirk: call PatchDPOTrainer() before constructing the trainer. DPO can run with ref_model=None under Unsloth.

See references/rl.md for: reward design patterns, DPO/ORPO/KTO recipes, the loss_type / epsilon knobs that unlock DAPO and GSPO variants, and memory-efficient RL with UNSLOTH_VLLM_STANDBY.

Golden path: vision fine-tuning

from unsloth import FastVisionModel
model, tokenizer = FastVisionModel.from_pretrained(
    "unsloth/Llama-3.2-11B-Vision-Instruct",
    load_in_4bit = True,
    use_gradient_checkpointing = "unsloth",
)
model = FastVisionModel.get_peft_model(
    model,
    finetune_vision_layers = True,
    finetune_language_layers = True,
    finetune_attention_modules = True,
    finetune_mlp_modules = True,
    r = 16, lora_alpha = 16, lora_dropout = 0,
    bias = "none", random_state = 3407,
)

Use UnslothVisionDataCollator. Keep images in the 300-1000px range. For multi-image datasets, use list comprehensions rather than dataset.map() (documented pitfall).

See references/vision-and-tts.md for: conversation shape, the supported VLM/TTS catalog, Whisper STT, and Orpheus/Sesame-CSM TTS training.

Chat templates and dataset formats

Four canonical dataset shapes:

1. Raw text (continued pretraining): {"text": "..."}
2. Alpaca: {"instruction": "...", "input": "...", "output": "..."}
3. ShareGPT multi-turn: {"conversations": [{"from": "human", "value": "..."}, ...]}
4. ChatML messages: {"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "..."}, ...]}

standardize_sharegpt(ds) normalizes (3) into (4). get_chat_template(tokenizer, chat_template="...") swaps in the right template; accepted names include llama-3.1, llama-3, chatml, mistral, gemma, gemma-3, qwen-2.5, phi-3, phi-4, alpaca, vicuna, zephyr, unsloth.

Dataset-size heuristic: absolute minimum ~100 rows, recommended 1,000+. Quality beats quantity. Use synthetic augmentation (e.g. a strong teacher model generating rewrites) when starved for data.

Recommended hyperparameters

Start here; tune only if the defaults misbehave.

Parameter	SFT	RL (GRPO/DPO)	Continued pretrain
learning_rate	2e-4	5e-6	5e-5 (+ embedding_learning_rate=5e-6 for lm_head/embed_tokens)
num_train_epochs	1-3	n/a (use max_steps)	1-2
r (LoRA rank)	16 or 32	64	16
lora_alpha	r or 2*r	r	r
lora_dropout	0	0	0
weight_decay	0.001-0.01	0.1	0.001-0.01
per_device_train_batch_size	2	1	2
gradient_accumulation_steps	4	4	4
warmup_steps / warmup_ratio	5 steps	0.1 ratio	0.03-0.1 ratio
lr_scheduler_type	linear	cosine	linear
optim	adamw_8bit	adamw_8bit	adamw_8bit
seed / random_state	3407	3407	3407

Target modules: ["q_proj","k_proj","v_proj","o_proj","gate_proj","up_proj","down_proj"] (all linear) for most architectures; add "lm_head" and "embed_tokens" for continued pretraining. BERT-family embedding models use ["key","query","value","dense"] instead.

Healthy training loss lands in 0.5-1.0. If overfitting: lower LR, fewer epochs, higher weight decay, scale alpha 0.5× post-train. If underfitting: more epochs, higher rank/alpha, better data.

Saving and deployment

Three save targets. Pick based on downstream consumer.

# LoRA adapters only (~100MB, cheapest; merge later)
model.save_pretrained("out_lora"); tokenizer.save_pretrained("out_lora")

# Merged weights (portable, works anywhere transformers does)
model.save_pretrained_merged("out_16bit", tokenizer, save_method="merged_16bit")

# GGUF for llama.cpp / Ollama
model.save_pretrained_gguf("out_gguf", tokenizer, quantization_method="q4_k_m")

# Push to HF Hub
model.push_to_hub("username/name")
model.push_to_hub_merged("username/name", tokenizer, save_method="merged_16bit")
model.push_to_hub_gguf("username/name", tokenizer,
                       quantization_method=["q4_k_m","q8_0","f16"])

Recommended GGUF quantizations: q4_k_m (general), q8_0 (faster, nearly lossless), f16 (reference). Unsloth auto-generates a matching Modelfile so ollama create works without surgery.

If the model fails to export silently or inference looks broken, 95% of the time it's either (a) the wrong chat template at inference, or (b) an extra BOS token on the client side. See references/troubleshooting.md.

See references/deployment.md for: merged 4-bit export, vLLM/SGLang serving, LM Studio, manual GGUF conversion via llama.cpp when auto fails, and the Modal integration recipe.

Troubleshooting quick reference

Most common failure modes:

• Loss is exactly 0 → instruction_part/response_part strings don't match the model's chat template; all labels masked to -100.
• Gibberish after GGUF export → wrong chat template or double-BOS at inference time.
• CUDA device-side assert → set UNSLOTH_COMPILE_DISABLE=1 and UNSLOTH_DISABLE_FAST_GENERATION=1 before importing unsloth.
• OOM during eval → set fp16_full_eval=True, per_device_eval_batch_size=2, eval_accumulation_steps=4.
• OOM during save → lower maximum_memory_usage (default 0.75, try 0.5) on the save call.
• HF download stalls at 90-95% → UNSLOTH_STABLE_DOWNLOADS=1.
• "Not initialized from model checkpoint" warnings → upgrade unsloth, unsloth_zoo, transformers, timm.
• First 5 min feel slow → torch.compile warm-up. Measure after it settles.

See references/troubleshooting.md for the full environment-flag reference and the rarer failure modes (Gemma 3 on fp16 hardware, bitsandbytes/xformers version mismatches, Colab locale fix).

Model naming conventions

Repos at unsloth/<family>-<size>-<variant>-<quant>:

• -bnb-4bit — community bitsandbytes 4-bit quant.
• -unsloth-bnb-4bit — Unsloth's tuned 4-bit (dynamic-2.0).
• -GGUF — pre-made GGUF at various quants.
• -Instruct-... vs base.

When in doubt, prefer the unsloth/... mirror over the original upstream — Unsloth pre-applies fixes for tokenizer/template bugs and ships the 4-bit variant.

References

Detailed material in references/:

• embeddings.md — full embedding recipe variants (BGE, EmbeddingGemma, Qwen3, MiniLM, ModernBERT classifier, rerankers), evaluators, deployment to TEI/vLLM/pgvector.
• sft.md — LoRA/QLoRA SFT deep dive: chat templates per family, train_on_responses_only strings, continued pretraining, early stopping.
• rl.md — GRPO reward design, DPO/ORPO/KTO, UNSLOTH_VLLM_STANDBY, long-context RL, FP8 RL.
• vision-and-tts.md — VLMs (Llama-Vision, Qwen-VL, Pixtral, LLaVA, Gemma-3), TTS (Orpheus, Sesame-CSM, Spark-TTS), Whisper STT, OCR models.
• deployment.md — merged export, GGUF, Ollama, vLLM, SGLang, LM Studio, manual llama.cpp conversion, Modal example.
• troubleshooting.md — full environment flag reference, common errors, dep-hell escape hatches.

Canonical external resources:

• Docs: https://unsloth.ai/docs
• Notebooks: https://github.com/unslothai/notebooks
• HF org: https://huggingface.co/unsloth