Linear Design Patterns

Apply Linear's design philosophy to web applications. Covers color, typography, layout, keyboard interaction, animation, feedback, and visual polish.

Quick Decision Guide

Decision	Linear's Answer
Light or dark default?	Dark-first
Color space?	LCH (perceptually uniform)
How many theme variables?	3: base, accent, contrast
Font?	Inter + Inter Display for headings
Spacing base unit?	4px
Animation duration?	~200ms, ease-out
Confirm or undo?	Undo (except irreversible)
Loading spinners?	No — optimistic updates
Feedback location?	Inline, next to the action
Keyboard support?	Full app control, mouse optional
Command palette?	Yes, Cmd+K, fuzzy search, context-aware
Navigation shortcuts?	g then letter (vim-style)
Information density?	High density, low clutter
Chrome/decoration?	Minimal — content over chrome
Content surface shape?	Sharp edges — no border-radius on data panels
Panel separation?	1px border lines, not gaps or shadows
When to elevate?	Only floating overlays (modals, dropdowns, popovers)

Core Principles

1. Keyboard-first, mouse-optional — every click action has a key equivalent
2. Dark-first — dark mode is default, light mode is the variant
3. Speed is a feature — 100ms interaction target, optimistic updates, no spinners
4. Color restraint — near-monochrome, color only for status/accent
5. High density, low clutter — pack information in through alignment, not cramming
6. Be gentle — everything comfortable, natural, expected, no surprises

⚠️ Common Agent Mistakes — READ THIS FIRST

Agents consistently fail at this design system in the same ways. If you catch yourself doing any of these, stop and fix it immediately.

Mistake #1: Containers within containers

The most common failure. Agents instinctively wrap content in .card > .card-body > .card-content or .panel > .panel-inner. Never do this. The layout is a flat grid. Visual grouping comes from background colors, borders, and spacing — not from nesting.

WRONG:

<div class="stats-row">
  <div class="stat-card">
    <div class="stat-body">
      <h3>Total Requests</h3>
      <p>537,784</p>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

RIGHT:

<div class="metric-grid">
  <div class="metric-cell">
    <span class="metric-label">Total Requests</span>
    <span class="metric-value">537,784</span>
  </div>
</div>

Mistake #2: box-shadow on data surfaces

Shadows are ONLY for floating overlays (modals, dropdowns, popovers). Never on tables, cards, panels, grids, or any data surface. Use 1px border lines instead.

Mistake #3: border-radius on data surfaces

Data grids, table rows, list items, content sections — all get border-radius: 0. Rounded corners are ONLY for interactive elements (buttons, pills, badges, inputs) and floating overlays.

Mistake #4: max-width containers that don't fill the viewport

Content should span the full width of its area. No max-width: 800px; margin: 0 auto on page content. The grid fills the space.

Mistake #5: Using traditional table markup for non-tabular data

Comments, blog posts, activity feeds — these are conversational/content, not spreadsheet data. Render them as styled row lists, not <table> elements. Use tables only when the data is genuinely columnar.

Mistake #7: Tinted header regions styled as cards

Header regions with background tints must be flush (edge-to-edge, no border-radius, no outer margin). They are NOT cards — they're just colored zones within a panel. Use a border-bottom: 1px solid in the tint color for separation. Never add border-top, border-radius, or outer margin to a tinted header region.

/* ✅ Correct */
.panel-header {
  background: rgba(163, 113, 247, 0.05);
  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(163, 113, 247, 0.2);
  border-radius: 0;
  margin: 0;
  padding: var(--space-3); /* inner padding is fine */
}

/* ❌ Wrong — looks like a floating card */
.panel-header {
  background: rgba(163, 113, 247, 0.05);
  border-top: 2px solid #a371f7;
  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
  margin: 0 0 var(--space-3) 0;
}

Mistake #6: Bland pages with no color differentiation

Color restraint doesn't mean no color. Use the status color system actively:

• Badges with colored dots for status (green=success, amber=warning, red=error)
• Subtle background tints for status rows (e.g., rgba(229, 166, 62, 0.05) for pending items)
• Accent color for active states, links, primary actions
• Typography hierarchy (size, weight, opacity) creates visual interest without decoration

Concrete Patterns

Metric Grid

.metric-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-border-strong);
}
.metric-cell {
  padding: var(--space-5);
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  gap: var(--space-1);
  border-right: 1px solid var(--color-border-strong);
}
.metric-cell:last-child { border-right: none; }

Status Badge with Dot

.badge {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: var(--space-1);
  padding: 1px var(--space-2);
  border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
  font-size: var(--text-xs);
  font-weight: var(--font-medium);
}
.badge-dot {
  width: 6px;
  height: 6px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
}
.badge-success { background: var(--color-success-bg-subtle); color: var(--color-success); }
.badge-warning { background: var(--color-warning-bg-subtle); color: var(--color-warning); }
.badge-error { background: var(--color-error-bg-subtle); color: var(--color-error); }

Button System

.btn {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 6px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
  font-weight: var(--font-medium);
  cursor: pointer;
  transition: all var(--duration-fast);
  white-space: nowrap;
}
.btn-primary { background: var(--color-accent-default); color: var(--color-on-accent); }
.btn-secondary { background: var(--color-bg-tertiary); color: var(--color-text-primary); border: 1px solid var(--color-border-default); }
.btn-ghost { color: var(--color-text-secondary); }
.btn-ghost:hover { background: var(--color-bg-tertiary); color: var(--color-text-primary); }

Filter Controls

Filter toggles are low-contrast, border-only controls designed for high-density filtering layouts. They differ from primary buttons by using no background fill and promoting the border as the primary visual indicator.

Container:

.filter-bar {
  display: flex;
  gap: var(--space-1);
  align-items: center;
}

Individual toggle:

.filter-toggle {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: var(--space-1);
  padding: var(--space-1) var(--space-2);
  background: none;
  border: 1px solid var(--color-border-default);
  border-radius: var(--radius-sm); /* Square, NOT rounded */
  color: var(--color-text-secondary);
  font-size: var(--text-xs);
  font-weight: var(--font-medium);
  cursor: pointer;
  transition: all var(--duration-fast);
}
.filter-toggle:hover {
  border-color: var(--color-border-strong);
  color: var(--color-text-primary);
}
.filter-toggle.active {
  border-color: var(--color-accent-default);
  color: var(--color-accent-default);
}

Key points:

• Default state: subtle border, no background, secondary text color
• Hover state: stronger border, promoted text color, still no background
• Active state: accent color on border and text only — no background fill
• Use square borders (var(--radius-sm)) NOT rounded (var(--radius-full))
• Prefer icons (from @marcus/roc) over emoji for filter labels
• Reference implementation: Perch's frontend/src/lib/styles/filters.css

Slide-in Detail Panel

.detail-panel {
  position: fixed;
  top: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0;
  width: 480px;
  background: var(--color-bg-secondary);
  border-left: 1px solid var(--color-border-strong);
  z-index: 51;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  transform: translateX(100%);
  transition: transform 300ms cubic-bezier(0.16, 1, 0.3, 1);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-lg); /* OK — this is a floating overlay */
}
.detail-panel.open { transform: translateX(0); }

Content Row (for lists, feeds, comments)

.content-row {
  display: flex;
  align-items: flex-start;
  gap: var(--space-3);
  padding: var(--space-4) var(--space-3);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-border-default);
  cursor: pointer;
  transition: background var(--duration-fast);
}
.content-row:hover { background: var(--color-bg-tertiary); }

Sidebar Navigation

.sidebar {
  background: var(--color-bg-inset);
  border-right: 1px solid var(--color-border-strong);
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
}
.nav-item {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: var(--space-3);
  padding: var(--space-2) var(--space-3);
  border-radius: var(--radius-md); /* OK — interactive element */
  color: var(--color-text-secondary);
  font-size: var(--text-sm);
  font-weight: var(--font-medium);
}
.nav-item.active {
  background: var(--color-bg-tertiary);
  color: var(--color-text-primary);
}
.nav-item.active::before {
  content: '';
  position: absolute;
  left: 0; top: 50%;
  transform: translateY(-50%);
  width: 3px; height: 16px;
  background: var(--color-accent-default);
  border-radius: var(--radius-full);
}

Implementation

For full design system details covering color, typography, layout, navigation, interaction, animation, feedback, and visual polish patterns, see references/linear-design-system.md.

Key sections:

• A. Color & Theming — LCH color space, 3-variable themes, dark-first
• B. Typography — Inter family, hierarchy through weight/size only
• C. Layout & Navigation — inverted-L, list/detail split, collapsible sidebar
• D. Surface Architecture — flush tiled grids, sharp edges on data, border hierarchy, elevation only for overlays
• E. Information Density — in-place editing, contextual menus
• F. Interaction & Speed — optimistic updates, command palette, keyboard shortcuts
• G. Motion & Animation — 200ms, purposeful micro-interactions only
• H. Feedback — inline over toasts, undo over confirmation
• I. Visual Polish — tight alignment, subtle gradients, "be gentle"
• J. Progressive Disclosure — works out of the box, natural language filters, universal URLs