Copilot MCP Server Development

🔀 PATH SELECTION

Before proceeding, ask the user which path they want to take using AskUserQuestion. Both are supported for M365 Copilot widget rendering. Present the tradeoffs and let them choose:

	OAI Apps (this skill)	MCP Apps Extension (`modelcontextprotocol/ext-apps`)
Standard	OpenAI-specific	Official MCP standard
Works in	ChatGPT + M365 Copilot	M365 Copilot, ChatGPT, VSCode, and more
Maturity	Battle-tested, production-ready	New official standard, growing ecosystem
Design	OpenAI Apps SDK	MCP Apps protocol (cross-platform)
When to choose	Existing OAI app investment	Prefer the open standard, want broadest client support

Ask: "Would you like to build an OAI app (OpenAI Apps SDK — battle-tested, works in ChatGPT and M365 Copilot) or an MCP app (new official standard — works in M365 Copilot, ChatGPT, VSCode, and more)?"

OAI apps → Continue below. This skill covers everything you need.
MCP apps → Install the modelcontextprotocol/ext-apps plugin (see below), then use the appropriate skill from that plugin.

MCP Apps: Install ext-apps Plugin

If the user chooses MCP Apps, provide these instructions:

To build an MCP App, install the ext-apps plugin from the marketplace:

1. /plugin marketplace add modelcontextprotocol/ext-apps
2. /plugin install mcp-apps@mcp-apps

Then use one of these skills from that plugin:
- create-mcp-app      — Scaffold a new MCP App with interactive UI from scratch
- add-app-to-server   — Add interactive UI to an existing MCP server's tools
- migrate-oai-app     — Convert an existing OAI app to use MCP Apps
- convert-web-app     — Turn a web app into a hybrid web + MCP App

After installing, invoke the relevant skill to continue.

Note: The ext-apps plugin lives in the external modelcontextprotocol/ext-apps marketplace — it is not part of this plugin collection.

📛 PROJECT DETECTION 📛

This skill triggers when building MCP servers with OAI app or widget rendering for Microsoft 365 Copilot Chat. The MCP server can be written in any language that supports the MCP protocol (TypeScript, Python, C#, etc.). The agent project and MCP server may live in the same repo, separate folders, or entirely different projects.

Scenario Routing

Starting Point	What You Need	Path
Prefer MCP Apps standard	Cross-platform widget support (M365 Copilot, ChatGPT, VSCode, and more)	Install `modelcontextprotocol/ext-apps`, then use `create-mcp-app` or `add-app-to-server` — see Path Selection above
From scratch (no agent, no MCP server)	Full OAI app setup	Delegate agent scaffolding to `declarative-agent-developer` first, then return here for MCP server + widgets
Existing M365 agent, new MCP server	MCP server + widgets + mcpPlugin.json	Start at Implementation
Existing MCP server, add Copilot widgets	Widget support added to existing server	Start at Copilot Widget Protocol
Language choice (non-TypeScript)	Protocol requirements	See Copilot Widget Protocol for what to implement, MCP Server Pattern (TypeScript) as a reference

🚨 CRITICAL EXECUTION RULES 🚨

BACKGROUND PROCESSES: MCP server and devtunnel MUST be spawned as independent OS processes — NOT run inside the agent's shell session. isBackground: true, mode: "async", and Start-Job all run inside the agent's shell session and will be killed between messages. The only reliable approach is to spawn a detached OS process.

Windows — use Start-Process -WindowStyle Hidden:

# Start devtunnel
$t = Start-Process -FilePath "devtunnel" `
    -ArgumentList "host","<tunnel-name>","-a" `
    -WindowStyle Hidden -PassThru `
    -RedirectStandardOutput "tunnel.log" -RedirectStandardError "tunnel-err.log"

# Start MCP server — use cmd.exe /c to set the working directory and inherit PATH
$s = Start-Process -FilePath "cmd.exe" `
    -ArgumentList "/c","cd /d <abs-path-to-mcp-server> && <start-command>" `
    -WindowStyle Hidden -PassThru `
    -RedirectStandardOutput "server.log" -RedirectStandardError "server-err.log"

# Save PIDs so they can be stopped later
"$($t.Id),$($s.Id)" | Out-File pids.txt
Write-Host "Started tunnel PID $($t.Id), server PID $($s.Id)"

To stop: Stop-Process -Id (Get-Content pids.txt).Split(',') or Stop-Process -Id <pid>.

Linux/Mac — use nohup with &:

nohup devtunnel host <tunnel-name> > tunnel.log 2>tunnel-err.log &
echo "tunnel:$!" >> pids.txt
nohup <start-command> > server.log 2>server-err.log &
echo "server:$!" >> pids.txt

To stop: kill $(grep -oP '\d+' pids.txt).

After starting, tail the logs to confirm both processes are up before proceeding:

# Windows
Start-Sleep 3; Get-Content tunnel.log, server.log

# Linux/Mac
sleep 3 && tail tunnel.log server.log

FULL AUTOMATION: Never tell the user to run commands manually. Install tools, authenticate, start services — do everything automatically. Only ask the user for interactive input that truly requires them (like device code confirmation during devtunnel user login -g -d). If a tool isn't installed, install it. If a service needs starting, start it. The user expects full automation.

PATH SELECTION (REQUIRED — STOP BEFORE ANY CODE): You MUST use AskUserQuestion to ask the user whether they want OAI Apps or MCP Apps Extension before writing any code, running any commands, or making any architectural decisions.

There is no exception to this rule. The most common failure mode is reasoning "the user's request makes it obvious, so asking is redundant." This reasoning is always wrong — invoke AskUserQuestion regardless. A user saying "build an MCP server with widgets" is NOT an answer to this question. A user invoking this skill by name is NOT an answer. Only an explicit answer to the question counts. See PATH SELECTION above for the exact question to ask.

AGENT PROVISIONING: Re-provisioning is only required when the agent manifest changes (e.g., mcpPlugin.json tool definitions, MCP server URL, declarativeAgent.json, instruction.txt). MCP server code changes (tool implementations, widget HTML, server logic) do NOT require re-provisioning the agent — running or deploying the server picks up changes automatically.

When provisioning is needed:

Bump the version in manifest.json (increment the patch version, e.g., 1.0.0 → 1.0.1)

Deploy the agent:

npx -y --package @microsoft/m365agentstoolkit-cli atk provision --env local

WIDGET TESTING LINKS: Every time you return to the user with a result while the MCP server is running, you MUST include links to ALL widgets so they can test them locally. Format:

🧪 Test widgets locally:
- http://localhost:3001/widgets/widget-name.html
- http://localhost:3001/widgets/another-widget.html

List every .html file in the mcp-server/widgets/ directory (or equivalent widget folder). This helps users verify widget rendering before testing in Copilot.

AUTO-DEPLOY ON COMPLETION (REQUIRED — DO NOT SKIP): When coding is complete, proceed automatically without waiting for the user:

Start MCP server + devtunnel in the background (per BACKGROUND PROCESSES above)
Run E2E verification with MCP Inspector (per MCP TOOL CONFIGURATION RULE below) — fix any failures before continuing
Provision the agent if needed (per AGENT PROVISIONING above)
Print a project summary in this format:

## ✅ <Project Name> — Ready

### Widgets
- [widget-name.html](http://localhost:<PORT>/widgets/widget-name.html)
- [widget-name2.html](http://localhost:<PORT>/widgets/widget-name2.html)

### Endpoints
- MCP server: http://localhost:<PORT>/mcp
- MCP via tunnel: https://<tunnel-url>/mcp

### Test in Copilot
Local:      https://m365.cloud.microsoft/chat/?titleId={M365_TITLE_ID from env/.env.local}
Other envs: {SHARE_LINK from env/.env.{environment}}

AGENT PROJECT DELEGATION: This skill builds MCP servers and widgets, NOT declarative agent projects. If the user's request involves creating or configuring the declarative agent itself (scaffolding, m365agents.yml, m365agents.local.yml, declarativeAgent.json, manifest lifecycle), delegate to the declarative-agent-developer skill.

MCP RESOURCE REGISTRATION: Every widget MUST have a matching MCP resource. Without resources, Copilot cannot fetch widget HTML through the MCP protocol and widgets will not render.

For each new widget, complete this checklist:

☐ Create widget HTML file in widgets/ directory (see widget-patterns.md)
☐ Define a ui://widget/<name>.html URI constant
☐ Add a Resource entry to the resources array with:
- uri: the ui://widget/<name>.html URI
- mimeType: "text/html+skybridge"
- _meta: CSP config with openai/widgetDomain and openai/widgetCSP (from environment)
☐ Add a handler for resources/read that returns the widget HTML for this URI
☐ Add the tool with _meta.openai/outputTemplate pointing to the same ui://widget/<name>.html URI
☐ Verify the server capabilities include resources: {} in the initialize response

Widget HTML size considerations:

Simple widgets: The resources/read handler can return the full self-contained HTML (inline CSS/JS)
Complex widgets (React, large UIs): The resource HTML should be a minimal shell that links to JS/CSS assets served from the MCP server's /assets/ route:
```
<!doctype html><html><head>
  <script type="module" src="${serverUrl}/assets/my-widget.js"></script>
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="${serverUrl}/assets/my-widget.css">
</head><body>
  <div id="widget-root"></div>
</body></html>
```
Use the WIDGET_BASE_URL or MCP_SERVER_URL environment variable for the asset URL base (see mcp-server-pattern.md "Configurable Widget Base URL" section).

See mcp-server-pattern.md for the complete resource and asset serving patterns.

⚠️ MCP TOOL CONFIGURATION RULE ⚠️

NEVER manually write tool definitions in mcpPlugin.json. Always use MCP Inspector to get the complete tool definitions from the running MCP server.

TOOL NAMING CONVENTION: Tool names MUST match the pattern ^[A-Za-z0-9_]+$ (letters, numbers, and underscores only). NEVER use hyphens (-) in tool names. Use underscores instead (e.g., render_profile not render-profile).

MANDATORY WORKFLOW:

Start the MCP server (in background)

Use MCP Inspector to get the latest tool definitions:

npx @modelcontextprotocol/inspector@0.20.0 --cli https://my-mcp-server.example.com --transport http --method tools/list

Copy the COMPLETE tool definition from the inspector (including name, description, inputSchema, _meta, annotations, title)
Paste into mcpPlugin.json under runtimes[].spec.mcp_tool_description.tools (inside the RemoteMCPServer runtime's spec object)
Run E2E verification through the devtunnel — call each tool and confirm the response contains structuredContent and _meta.openai/widgetAccessible: true:
```
npx @modelcontextprotocol/inspector@0.20.0 --cli https://<tunnel-url>/mcp --transport http --method tools/call --tool-name <tool_name>
```
Also verify GET https://<tunnel-url>/health returns {"status":"ok"}. Fix any failures before provisioning.

The MCP Inspector shows the exact tool schema from your server. Copy it completely — do not manually write or modify these definitions. This ensures mcpPlugin.json stays in sync with the MCP server.

Build MCP servers that integrate with Microsoft 365 Copilot Chat and render rich interactive widgets.

Architecture

M365 Copilot ──▶ mcpPlugin.json ──▶ MCP Server ──▶ structuredContent ──▶ HTML Widget
     │              (RemoteMCPServer)    (Streamable HTTP)                  (window.openai.toolOutput)
     │
     └── Capabilities (People, etc.) provide data to pass to MCP tools

Project Structure

Example project structure, not a hard requirement but a common pattern for organizing MCP server + widget development:

project/
├── appPackage/
│   ├── manifest.json           # Teams manifest (bump version on deploy)
│   ├── declarativeAgent.json   # Agent config + capabilities
│   ├── mcpPlugin.json          # Tool definitions with _meta
│   └── instruction.txt         # Agent behavior instructions
├── mcp-server/
│   ├── src/index.ts            # Server with Streamable HTTP
│   ├── widgets/*.html          # OpenAI Apps SDK widgets
│   └── package.json
├── scripts/
│   ├── setup-devtunnel.sh      # Linux/Mac devtunnel setup
│   └── setup-devtunnel.ps1     # Windows devtunnel setup
└── env/.env.local              # MCP_SERVER_URL, MCP_SERVER_DOMAIN

Language note: This shows a TypeScript project layout. For Python, replace mcp-server/src/index.ts with your Python entry point (e.g., server.py). For C#, use a standard .NET project structure. The appPackage/, widgets/, scripts/, and env/ directories are language-agnostic.

Copilot Widget Protocol

Your MCP server must implement these protocol requirements to render widgets in Copilot Chat. This applies regardless of language:

Streamable HTTP transport — /mcp endpoint handling POST, GET, DELETE with session management
CORS headers — Origin-checking on /mcp allowing m365.cloud.microsoft and *.m365.cloud.microsoft, with required MCP headers
Server capabilities — initialize response must declare resources: {} and tools: {}
MCP resources — Register widgets with ui://widget/<name>.html URIs, text/html+skybridge mime type, and CSP _meta
Tool response format — Return content (text) + structuredContent (widget data) + _meta with openai/outputTemplate
Widget serving — HTTP route at /widgets/*.html with origin-checking CORS

For full protocol details, JSON shapes, and an adaptation checklist for existing MCP servers, see references/copilot-widget-protocol.md.

Implementation

MCP Server Pattern (TypeScript Reference)

See references/mcp-server-pattern.md for complete implementation.

For other languages, implement the requirements described in Copilot Widget Protocol using your language's MCP SDK. See the Language SDK References table for SDK packages.

Core requirements:

Expose Streamable HTTP transport on /mcp
Return structuredContent + _meta with openai/outputTemplate
Serve widgets via HTTP endpoint
Handle CORS for cross-origin requests
Handle partial data gracefully (fill in "Unknown" for missing fields)

Tool response format:

return {
  content: [{ type: "text", text: "Summary" }],
  structuredContent: { /* widget data */ },
  _meta: { "openai/outputTemplate": "ui://widget/name.html", "openai/widgetAccessible": true }
};

Handling Partial Data

Always normalize input data to handle missing fields:

server.setRequestHandler(CallToolRequestSchema, async (request: CallToolRequest) => {
  const args = request.params.arguments as { title?: string; items?: Partial<Item>[] };

  // Normalize data - fill in "Unknown" for missing fields
  const title = args.title || "Default Title";
  const items = (args.items || []).map(item => ({
    name: item.name || "Unknown",
    value: item.value || "Unknown",
  }));

  // Build structuredContent for widget
  const structuredContent = { title, items };
  // ...
});

Widget Pattern

See references/widget-patterns.md for complete examples.

Core requirements:

Access data: window.openai.toolOutput (primary source)
Theme support: window.openai.theme or prefers-color-scheme
Debug fallback: Embedded mock data when window.openai unavailable
CSS variables for theming at :root level
Handle "Unknown" values gracefully (e.g., hide action buttons)

Plugin Schema

See references/plugin-schema.md for mcpPlugin.json format.

Core requirements:

Schema v2.4 with RemoteMCPServer runtime
run_for_functions array matching tool names
_meta in tool definitions for widget binding
inputSchema - make properties optional for flexibility, describe defaults in descriptions

DevTunnels Setup

Local testing only. DevTunnels are for development and testing on your machine. Before sharing the agent more broadly, deploy both the MCP server and widget assets to a hosted environment (e.g., Azure App Service, Azure Static Web Apps, or another hosting provider) and update the agent manifest URLs accordingly.

DevTunnels expose your localhost MCP server to M365 Copilot using named tunnels for stable URLs. See references/devtunnels.md for setup scripts, command reference, and troubleshooting.

The setup script (npm run tunnel / npm run tunnel:win):

Creates a named tunnel on first run (or reuses the existing one)
Starts hosting the tunnel on the configured port
Updates env/.env.local with MCP_SERVER_URL and MCP_SERVER_DOMAIN (first run only)
Continues hosting the tunnel

Quick Start

Terminal 1 - Start MCP Server:

cd mcp-server
npm install
npm run dev

Terminal 2 - Start DevTunnel:

npm run tunnel
# Or on Windows:
npm run tunnel:win

On first run, provision the agent once the tunnel is up (see AGENT PROVISIONING rule). On subsequent runs the tunnel URL is stable — no re-provisioning needed unless the agent manifest changes.

Development Workflow

Start the MCP server (dev mode with hot reload):
- TypeScript: cd mcp-server && npm install && npm run dev
- Python: cd mcp-server && pip install -r requirements.txt && python server.py
- C#: cd mcp-server && dotnet run
Start the devtunnel (creates named tunnel on first run, reuses on subsequent runs):
```
npm run tunnel
```
Provision + test — see AGENT PROVISIONING rule for when this is needed; bump version in manifest.json if Copilot doesn't reflect changes

Best Practices

See references/best-practices.md for detailed guidance.

Key points:

Rendering tools: Accept data as input, don't fetch internally
Instructions: Tell agent to use capabilities FIRST, then pass data to MCP tools
Themes: Always support dark/light via CSS variables
Debug mode: Include fallback data for local widget testing
Partial data: Handle missing fields with "Unknown" defaults
Action buttons: Hide email/chat buttons when data is "Unknown"
Version bumping: Bump manifest version when changes aren't reflected in Copilot

ui-widget-developer

Copilot MCP Server Development

🔀 PATH SELECTION

MCP Apps: Install ext-apps Plugin

📛 PROJECT DETECTION 📛

Scenario Routing

🚨 CRITICAL EXECUTION RULES 🚨

⚠️ MCP TOOL CONFIGURATION RULE ⚠️

Architecture

Project Structure

Copilot Widget Protocol

Implementation

MCP Server Pattern (TypeScript Reference)

Handling Partial Data

Widget Pattern

Plugin Schema

DevTunnels Setup

Quick Start

Development Workflow

Best Practices