spring-boot
SKILL.md
Spring Boot 开发指南
概述
Spring Boot 是一个基于 Spring 框架的快速开发框架,提供了自动配置、起步依赖等特性,简化了 Spring 应用的开发。
核心特性
1. 项目创建
使用 Spring Initializr:
访问 https://start.spring.io/ 或使用 IDE 插件创建项目。
使用 CLI:
# 安装 Spring Boot CLI
brew install spring-boot
# 创建项目
spring init --dependencies=web,data-jpa,postgresql my-project
Maven 项目结构:
my-project/
├── src/
│ ├── main/
│ │ ├── java/
│ │ │ └── com/example/
│ │ │ └── MyApplication.java
│ │ └── resources/
│ │ ├── application.properties
│ │ └── application.yml
│ └── test/
├── pom.xml
└── README.md
2. 自动配置
Spring Boot 通过自动配置简化了配置工作。
application.yml:
spring:
application:
name: my-app
datasource:
url: jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/mydb
username: postgres
password: password
driver-class-name: org.postgresql.Driver
jpa:
hibernate:
ddl-auto: update
show-sql: true
server:
port: 8080
application.properties:
spring.application.name=my-app
spring.datasource.url=jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/mydb
spring.datasource.username=postgres
spring.datasource.password=password
spring.datasource.driver-class-name=org.postgresql.Driver
spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto=update
spring.jpa.show-sql=true
server.port=8080
3. 依赖注入
使用 @Component:
@Component
public class UserService {
public String getUserName(Long id) {
return "User " + id;
}
}
使用 @Service:
@Service
public class UserService {
private final UserRepository userRepository;
public UserService(UserRepository userRepository) {
this.userRepository = userRepository;
}
public User findById(Long id) {
return userRepository.findById(id)
.orElseThrow(() -> new UserNotFoundException(id));
}
}
使用 @Repository:
@Repository
public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Long> {
Optional<User> findByEmail(String email);
List<User> findByNameContaining(String name);
}
4. Web 开发
REST Controller:
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/users")
public class UserController {
private final UserService userService;
public UserController(UserService userService) {
this.userService = userService;
}
@GetMapping
public List<User> getAllUsers() {
return userService.findAll();
}
@GetMapping("/{id}")
public User getUserById(@PathVariable Long id) {
return userService.findById(id);
}
@PostMapping
public User createUser(@RequestBody User user) {
return userService.save(user);
}
@PutMapping("/{id}")
public User updateUser(@PathVariable Long id, @RequestBody User user) {
return userService.update(id, user);
}
@DeleteMapping("/{id}")
public void deleteUser(@PathVariable Long id) {
userService.delete(id);
}
}
异常处理:
@ControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {
@ExceptionHandler(UserNotFoundException.class)
public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleUserNotFound(UserNotFoundException ex) {
ErrorResponse error = new ErrorResponse(
HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND.value(),
ex.getMessage()
);
return new ResponseEntity<>(error, HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND);
}
}
5. 数据访问
JPA Entity:
@Entity
@Table(name = "users")
public class User {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
private Long id;
@Column(nullable = false)
private String name;
@Column(unique = true, nullable = false)
private String email;
// Getters and Setters
}
Repository:
@Repository
public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Long> {
Optional<User> findByEmail(String email);
List<User> findByNameContaining(String name);
@Query("SELECT u FROM User u WHERE u.email = :email")
Optional<User> findByEmailCustom(@Param("email") String email);
}
Service:
@Service
@Transactional
public class UserService {
private final UserRepository userRepository;
public UserService(UserRepository userRepository) {
this.userRepository = userRepository;
}
public User save(User user) {
return userRepository.save(user);
}
public Optional<User> findById(Long id) {
return userRepository.findById(id);
}
public List<User> findAll() {
return userRepository.findAll();
}
public void delete(Long id) {
userRepository.deleteById(id);
}
}
6. 配置管理
@ConfigurationProperties:
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "app")
@Data
public class AppProperties {
private String name;
private String version;
private Database database;
@Data
public static class Database {
private String host;
private int port;
private String name;
}
}
使用配置:
app:
name: my-app
version: 1.0.0
database:
host: localhost
port: 5432
name: mydb
7. 安全(Spring Security)
依赖:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-security</artifactId>
</dependency>
配置:
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class SecurityConfig {
@Bean
public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
http
.authorizeHttpRequests(auth -> auth
.requestMatchers("/api/public/**").permitAll()
.anyRequest().authenticated()
)
.httpBasic();
return http.build();
}
}
8. 测试
单元测试:
@SpringBootTest
class UserServiceTest {
@Autowired
private UserService userService;
@Test
void testFindById() {
User user = userService.findById(1L)
.orElseThrow();
assertNotNull(user);
}
}
集成测试:
@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)
@AutoConfigureMockMvc
class UserControllerTest {
@Autowired
private MockMvc mockMvc;
@Test
void testGetUser() throws Exception {
mockMvc.perform(get("/api/users/1"))
.andExpect(status().isOk())
.andExpect(jsonPath("$.name").value("John"));
}
}
最佳实践
1. 项目结构
com.example.myapp/
├── controller/ # 控制器
├── service/ # 服务层
├── repository/ # 数据访问层
├── entity/ # 实体类
├── dto/ # 数据传输对象
├── config/ # 配置类
└── exception/ # 异常类
2. 依赖注入
- 优先使用构造函数注入
- 避免使用
@Autowired字段注入 - 使用
@RequiredArgsConstructor(Lombok)
3. 异常处理
- 使用
@ControllerAdvice全局异常处理 - 定义自定义异常类
- 返回统一的错误响应格式
4. 配置管理
- 使用
application.yml而非application.properties - 区分开发、测试、生产环境配置
- 使用
@ConfigurationProperties绑定配置
常用依赖
<!-- Web -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!-- JPA -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!-- PostgreSQL -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.postgresql</groupId>
<artifactId>postgresql</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!-- Lombok -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
<artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
</dependency>
示例 Prompt
- "使用 Spring Boot 创建一个 REST API 项目"
- "如何在 Spring Boot 中使用 JPA 进行数据访问?"
- "Spring Boot 中如何配置数据库连接?"
- "如何在 Spring Boot 中实现全局异常处理?"
- "Spring Boot 中如何使用 Spring Security?"
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