PostgreSQL Mastery (Senior → Principal)

Operate

• Start by confirming workload shape: OLTP, analytical, mixed, multi-tenant, or event-heavy.
• Clarify scale: row counts, write rate, hottest tables, retention, and latency SLO.
• Treat PostgreSQL as a production system, not just a storage library: backups, locks, migrations, observability, and failover matter.
• Prefer boring relational design over clever schema tricks.

Default Standards

• Model invariants with constraints first, code second.
• Use transactions intentionally; keep them short.
• Index for real query patterns, not theoretical ones.
• Avoid ORMs hiding expensive SQL on hot paths.
• Make migration rollout and rollback strategy explicit.

“Bad vs Good”

-- ❌ BAD: filter on an unindexed hot-path column.
SELECT * FROM orders WHERE status = 'pending';

-- ✅ GOOD: index with realistic filter/order pattern.
CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY idx_orders_status_created_at
ON orders (status, created_at DESC);

-- ❌ BAD: delete millions of rows in one transaction.
DELETE FROM events WHERE created_at < now() - interval '90 days';

-- ✅ GOOD: batch or partition for controlled retention.

Validation Commands

• Run psql -f migration.sql only after review of lock/runtime impact.
• Run EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS) for hot queries.
• Run VACUUM (ANALYZE) and review autovacuum posture where needed.
• Validate backup and restore workflows before calling a system production-ready.

References

• Schema and migrations: references/schema-and-migrations.md
• Performance and operations: references/performance-and-operations.md
• Query planning: references/query-planning.md
• Index design: references/index-design.md
• Transactions and locking: references/transactions-and-locking.md
• Partitioning and retention: references/partitioning-and-retention.md
• Replication and failover: references/replication-and-failover.md
• Vacuum and bloat: references/vacuum-and-bloat.md
• Backup and restore: references/backup-and-restore.md
• Connection management: references/connection-management.md
• Observability: references/observability.md
• Security and compliance: references/security-and-compliance.md
• Multi-tenant PostgreSQL: references/multi-tenant-postgres.md
• Zero-downtime migrations: references/zero-downtime-migrations.md
• Incident runbooks: references/incident-runbooks.md