MultiversX Project Architecture

Production-tested folder structures and module composition patterns for MultiversX contracts.

Single Contract Structure

For contracts up to ~1000 lines of business logic:

my-contract/
├── Cargo.toml
├── src/
│   ├── lib.rs              # #[contract] trait — ONLY trait composition + init/upgrade
│   ├── storage.rs           # All #[storage_mapper] definitions
│   ├── views.rs             # All #[view] endpoints
│   ├── config.rs            # Admin configuration endpoints
│   ├── events.rs            # #[event] definitions
│   ├── validation.rs        # Input validation helpers
│   ├── errors.rs            # Static error constants
│   └── helpers.rs           # Pure business logic functions
├── meta/
│   ├── Cargo.toml
│   └── src/main.rs
├── wasm/
│   ├── Cargo.toml
│   └── src/lib.rs
└── tests/
    └── integration_test.rs

Multi-Contract Workspace Structure

For protocols with multiple interacting contracts:

my-protocol/
├── Cargo.toml               # [workspace] members
├── common/                   # Shared crate across all contracts
│   ├── Cargo.toml
│   ├── constants/
│   │   ├── Cargo.toml
│   │   └── src/lib.rs       # Protocol-wide constants
│   ├── errors/
│   │   ├── Cargo.toml
│   │   └── src/lib.rs       # Shared error constants
│   ├── structs/
│   │   ├── Cargo.toml
│   │   └── src/lib.rs       # Shared data types
│   ├── math/
│   │   ├── Cargo.toml
│   │   └── src/math.rs      # Shared math module trait
│   └── events/
│       ├── Cargo.toml
│       └── src/lib.rs       # Shared event definitions
├── contract-a/               # First contract
│   ├── Cargo.toml
│   ├── src/
│   │   ├── lib.rs
│   │   ├── storage/
│   │   │   └── mod.rs        # Local + proxy storage
│   │   ├── cache/
│   │   │   └── mod.rs        # Drop-based cache
│   │   ├── views.rs
│   │   ├── config.rs
│   │   ├── events.rs
│   │   ├── validation.rs
│   │   └── helpers/
│   │       └── mod.rs
│   ├── meta/
│   ├── wasm/
│   └── tests/
├── contract-b/
│   └── ...                   # Same structure
└── proxy-definitions/        # Optional: shared proxy traits
    ├── Cargo.toml
    └── src/lib.rs

lib.rs Pattern: Trait Composition Only

The main contract file should ONLY compose modules — no business logic:

#![no_std]

multiversx_sc::imports!();

pub mod cache;
pub mod config;
pub mod events;
pub mod helpers;
pub mod storage;
pub mod validation;
pub mod views;

#[multiversx_sc::contract]
pub trait MyContract:
    storage::StorageModule
    + config::ConfigModule
    + views::ViewsModule
    + events::EventsModule
    + validation::ValidationModule
    + helpers::HelpersModule
    + common_math::SharedMathModule
{
    #[init]
    fn init(&self, /* params */) {
        // Only initialization logic
    }

    #[upgrade]
    fn upgrade(&self) {
        // Only upgrade migration logic
    }

    #[endpoint]
    fn main_operation(&self) {
        // Delegate to helpers/validation
        self.validate_payment(&payment);
        let mut cache = cache::StorageCache::new(self);
        self.process_operation(&mut cache, &payment);
        // cache drops and commits
    }
}

errors.rs Pattern

Use pub static byte string references for gas-efficient error messages:

pub static ERROR_NOT_ACTIVE: &[u8] = b"Contract is not active";
pub static ERROR_INVALID_AMOUNT: &[u8] = b"Invalid amount";
pub static ERROR_UNAUTHORIZED: &[u8] = b"Unauthorized";
pub static ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED: &[u8] = b"Not supported";
pub static ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BALANCE: &[u8] = b"Insufficient balance";
pub static ERROR_ZERO_AMOUNT: &[u8] = b"Amount must be greater than zero";

Usage:

require!(amount > 0u64, ERROR_ZERO_AMOUNT);

This is more gas-efficient than inline string literals because the compiler deduplicates static references.

events.rs Pattern

Define events as a separate module trait:

#[multiversx_sc::module]
pub trait EventsModule {
    #[event("deposit")]
    fn deposit_event(
        &self,
        #[indexed] caller: &ManagedAddress,
        #[indexed] token: &TokenId,
        amount: &BigUint,
    );

    #[event("withdraw")]
    fn withdraw_event(
        &self,
        #[indexed] caller: &ManagedAddress,
        #[indexed] token: &TokenId,
        amount: &BigUint,
    );
}

validation.rs Pattern

Centralize all input validation:

#[multiversx_sc::module]
pub trait ValidationModule: crate::storage::StorageModule {
    fn validate_payment(&self, payment: &Payment<Self::Api>) {
        self.require_token_supported(&payment.token_identifier);
        self.require_amount_positive(payment.amount.as_big_uint());
    }

    fn require_token_supported(&self, token: &TokenId<Self::Api>) {
        require!(self.supported_tokens().contains(token), ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED);
    }

    fn require_amount_positive(&self, amount: &BigUint) {
        require!(amount > &BigUint::zero(), ERROR_ZERO_AMOUNT);
    }
}

When to Create a Common Workspace Crate

Signal	Action
Same struct used in 2+ contracts	Move to common/structs/
Same math function in 2+ contracts	Move to common/math/
Same error messages across contracts	Move to common/errors/
Same event definitions	Move to common/events/
Protocol constants (precision, limits)	Move to common/constants/

Workspace Cargo.toml

[workspace]
members = [
    "contract-a",
    "contract-a/meta",
    "contract-b",
    "contract-b/meta",
    "common/structs",
    "common/math",
    "common/errors",
    "common/constants",
    "common/events",
]

Common crate Cargo.toml:

[package]
name = "common-structs"
version = "0.0.0"
edition = "2024"

[dependencies.multiversx-sc]
version = "0.64.0"

SDK Standard Modules (multiversx-sc-modules)

Reusable modules provided by the SDK. Import in Cargo.toml and inherit in your contract trait.

[dependencies.multiversx-sc-modules]
version = "0.64.0"

Module	Purpose	Import Path
only_admin	Admin-only access control (owner can add/remove admins)	multiversx_sc_modules::only_admin
pause	Pausable contract pattern (#[endpoint] pause / unpause)	multiversx_sc_modules::pause
default_issue_callbacks	Standard ESDT token issue/set-role callbacks	multiversx_sc_modules::default_issue_callbacks
esdt	Token issuance, minting, burning via unified issue_token	multiversx_sc_modules::esdt
governance	DAO proposals, voting, and execution	multiversx_sc_modules::governance
bonding_curve	Token pricing with bonding curve formulas	multiversx_sc_modules::bonding_curve
token_merge	NFT/SFT merging and splitting	multiversx_sc_modules::token_merge
subscription	Recurring payment subscriptions	multiversx_sc_modules::subscription
staking	Basic staking logic with rewards	multiversx_sc_modules::staking
features	Feature flags for contract capabilities	multiversx_sc_modules::features
users	User ID mapping (address to numeric ID)	multiversx_sc_modules::users
ongoing_operation	Long-running operation checkpointing	multiversx_sc_modules::ongoing_operation
claim_developer_rewards	Claim accumulated developer rewards	multiversx_sc_modules::claim_developer_rewards
dns	MultiversX DNS herotag registration	multiversx_sc_modules::dns

Usage example:

#[multiversx_sc::contract]
pub trait MyContract:
    multiversx_sc_modules::only_admin::OnlyAdminModule
    + multiversx_sc_modules::pause::PauseModule
    + multiversx_sc_modules::default_issue_callbacks::DefaultIssueCallbacksModule
{
    #[endpoint]
    fn admin_action(&self) {
        self.require_caller_is_admin();
        self.require_not_paused();
        // ...
    }
}

Naming Conventions

Item	Convention	Example
Contract crate	kebab-case	liquidity-pool
Module files	snake_case	storage.rs, helpers.rs
Storage keys	camelCase	"totalSupply", "feeRate"
Error constants	SCREAMING_SNAKE	ERROR_INVALID_AMOUNT
Module traits	PascalCase	StorageModule, ValidationModule
Endpoint names	snake_case	fn deposit_tokens(&self)
View names	camelCase (ABI)	#[view(getBalance)]