Forecasting Expert Knowledge

Superforecasting Principles

Based on research by Philip Tetlock and the Good Judgment Project:

Triage: Focus on questions that are hard enough to be interesting but not so hard they're unknowable
Break problems apart: Decompose big questions into smaller, researchable sub-questions (Fermi estimation)
Balance inside and outside views: Use both specific evidence AND base rates from reference classes
Update incrementally: Adjust predictions in small steps as new evidence arrives (Bayesian updating)
Look for clashing forces: Identify factors pulling in opposite directions
Distinguish signal from noise: Weight signals by their reliability and relevance
Calibrate: Your 70% predictions should come true ~70% of the time
Post-mortem: Analyze why predictions went wrong, not just celebrate the right ones
Avoid the narrative trap: A compelling story is not the same as a likely outcome
Collaborate: Aggregate views from diverse perspectives

Signal Taxonomy

Signal Types

Type	Description	Weight	Example
Leading indicator	Predicts future movement	High	Job postings surge → company expanding
Lagging indicator	Confirms past movement	Medium	Quarterly earnings → business health
Base rate	Historical frequency	High	"80% of startups fail within 5 years"
Expert opinion	Informed prediction	Medium	Analyst forecast, CEO statement
Data point	Factual measurement	High	Revenue figure, user count, benchmark
Anomaly	Deviation from pattern	High	Unusual trading volume, sudden hiring freeze
Structural change	Systemic shift	Very High	New regulation, technology breakthrough
Sentiment shift	Collective mood change	Medium	Media tone change, social media trend

Signal Strength Assessment

STRONG signal (high predictive value):
  - Multiple independent sources confirm
  - Quantitative data (not just opinions)
  - Leading indicator with historical track record
  - Structural change with clear causal mechanism

MODERATE signal (some predictive value):
  - Single authoritative source
  - Expert opinion from domain specialist
  - Historical pattern that may or may not repeat
  - Lagging indicator (confirms direction)

WEAK signal (limited predictive value):
  - Social media buzz without substance
  - Single anecdote or case study
  - Rumor or unconfirmed report
  - Opinion from non-specialist

Confidence Calibration

Probability Scale

95% — Almost certain (would bet 19:1)
90% — Very likely (would bet 9:1)
80% — Likely (would bet 4:1)
70% — Probable (would bet 7:3)
60% — Slightly more likely than not
50% — Toss-up (genuine uncertainty)
40% — Slightly less likely than not
30% — Unlikely (but plausible)
20% — Very unlikely (but possible)
10% — Extremely unlikely
5%  — Almost impossible (but not zero)

Calibration Rules

NEVER use 0% or 100% — nothing is absolutely certain
If you haven't done research, default to the base rate (outside view)
Your first estimate should be the reference class base rate
Adjust from the base rate using specific evidence (inside view)
Typical adjustment: ±5-15% per strong signal, ±2-5% per moderate signal
If your gut says 80% but your analysis says 55%, trust the analysis

Brier Score

The gold standard for measuring prediction accuracy:

Brier Score = (predicted_probability - actual_outcome)^2

actual_outcome = 1 if prediction came true, 0 if not

Perfect score: 0.0 (you're always right with perfect confidence)
Coin flip: 0.25 (saying 50% on everything)
Terrible: 1.0 (100% confident, always wrong)

Good forecaster: < 0.15
Average forecaster: 0.20-0.30
Bad forecaster: > 0.35

Domain-Specific Source Guide

Technology Predictions

Source Type	Examples	Use For
Product roadmaps	GitHub issues, release notes, blog posts	Feature predictions
Adoption data	Stack Overflow surveys, NPM downloads, DB-Engines	Technology trends
Funding data	Crunchbase, PitchBook, TechCrunch	Startup success/failure
Patent filings	Google Patents, USPTO	Innovation direction
Job postings	LinkedIn, Indeed, Levels.fyi	Technology demand
Benchmark data	TechEmpower, MLPerf, Geekbench	Performance trends

Finance Predictions

Source Type	Examples	Use For
Economic data	FRED, BLS, Census	Macro trends
Earnings	SEC filings, earnings calls	Company performance
Analyst reports	Bloomberg, Reuters, S&P	Market consensus
Central bank	Fed minutes, ECB statements	Interest rates, policy
Commodity data	EIA, OPEC reports	Energy/commodity prices
Sentiment	VIX, put/call ratio, AAII survey	Market mood

Geopolitics Predictions

Source Type	Examples	Use For
Official sources	Government statements, UN reports	Policy direction
Think tanks	RAND, Brookings, Chatham House	Analysis
Election data	Polls, voter registration, 538	Election outcomes
Trade data	WTO, customs data, trade balances	Trade policy
Military data	SIPRI, defense budgets, deployments	Conflict risk
Diplomatic signals	Ambassador recalls, sanctions, treaties	Relations

Climate Predictions

Source Type	Examples	Use For
Scientific data	IPCC, NASA, NOAA	Climate trends
Energy data	IEA, EIA, IRENA	Energy transition
Policy data	COP agreements, national plans	Regulation
Corporate data	CDP disclosures, sustainability reports	Corporate action
Technology data	BloombergNEF, patent filings	Clean tech trends
Investment data	Green bond issuance, ESG flows	Capital allocation

Reasoning Chain Construction

Template

PREDICTION: [Specific, falsifiable claim]

1. REFERENCE CLASS (Outside View)
   Base rate: [What % of similar events occur?]
   Reference examples: [3-5 historical analogues]

2. SPECIFIC EVIDENCE (Inside View)
   Signals FOR (+):
   a. [Signal] — strength: [strong/moderate/weak] — adjustment: +X%
   b. [Signal] — strength: [strong/moderate/weak] — adjustment: +X%

   Signals AGAINST (-):
   a. [Signal] — strength: [strong/moderate/weak] — adjustment: -X%
   b. [Signal] — strength: [strong/moderate/weak] — adjustment: -X%

3. SYNTHESIS
   Starting probability (base rate): X%
   Net adjustment: +/-Y%
   Final probability: Z%

4. KEY ASSUMPTIONS
   - [Assumption 1]: If wrong, probability shifts to [W%]
   - [Assumption 2]: If wrong, probability shifts to [V%]

5. RESOLUTION
   Date: [When can this be resolved?]
   Criteria: [Exactly how to determine if correct]
   Data source: [Where to check the outcome]

Prediction Tracking & Scoring

Prediction Ledger Format

{
  "id": "pred_001",
  "created": "2025-01-15",
  "prediction": "OpenAI will release GPT-5 before July 2025",
  "confidence": 0.65,
  "domain": "tech",
  "time_horizon": "2025-07-01",
  "reasoning_chain": "...",
  "key_signals": ["leaked roadmap", "compute scaling", "hiring patterns"],
  "status": "active|resolved|expired",
  "resolution": {
    "date": "2025-06-30",
    "outcome": true,
    "evidence": "Released June 15, 2025",
    "brier_score": 0.1225
  },
  "updates": [
    {"date": "2025-03-01", "new_confidence": 0.75, "reason": "New evidence: leaked demo"}
  ]
}

Accuracy Report Template

ACCURACY DASHBOARD
==================
Total predictions:     N
Resolved predictions:  N (N correct, N incorrect, N partial)
Active predictions:    N
Expired (unresolvable):N

Overall accuracy:      X%
Brier score:           0.XX

Calibration:
  Predicted 90%+ → Actual: X% (N predictions)
  Predicted 70-89% → Actual: X% (N predictions)
  Predicted 50-69% → Actual: X% (N predictions)
  Predicted 30-49% → Actual: X% (N predictions)
  Predicted <30% → Actual: X% (N predictions)

Strengths: [domains/types where you perform well]
Weaknesses: [domains/types where you perform poorly]

Cognitive Bias Checklist

Before finalizing any prediction, check for these biases:

Anchoring: Am I fixated on the first number I encountered?
- Fix: Deliberately consider the base rate before looking at specific evidence
Availability bias: Am I overweighting recent or memorable events?
- Fix: Check the actual frequency, not just what comes to mind
Confirmation bias: Am I only looking for evidence that supports my prediction?
- Fix: Actively search for contradicting evidence (steel-man the opposite)
Narrative bias: Am I choosing a prediction because it makes a good story?
- Fix: Boring predictions are often more accurate
Overconfidence: Am I too sure?
- Fix: If you've never been wrong at this confidence level, you're probably overconfident
Scope insensitivity: Am I treating very different scales the same?
- Fix: Be specific about magnitudes and timeframes
Recency bias: Am I extrapolating recent trends too far?
- Fix: Check longer time horizons and mean reversion patterns
Status quo bias: Am I defaulting to "nothing will change"?
- Fix: Consider structural changes that could break the status quo

Contrarian Mode

When enabled, for each consensus prediction:

Identify what the consensus view is
Search for evidence the consensus is wrong
Consider: "What would have to be true for the opposite to happen?"
If credible contrarian evidence exists, include a contrarian prediction
Always label contrarian predictions clearly with the consensus for comparison

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