Piper TTS Voice Training

Train custom text-to-speech voices compatible with Piper's lightweight ONNX runtime.

Overview

Piper produces fast, offline TTS suitable for embedded devices. Training involves:

Corpus preparation (text covering phonetic range)
Audio generation or recording
Quality validation via Whisper transcription
Fine-tuning from existing checkpoint (recommended) or training from scratch
ONNX export for deployment

Fine-tuning vs from-scratch:

Fine-tuning: ~1,300 phrases + 1,000 epochs (days on modest GPU)
From scratch: ~13,000+ phrases + 2,000+ epochs (weeks/months)

Workflow

1. Corpus Preparation

Gather 1,300-1,500+ phrases covering broad phonetic range:

Use piper-recording-studio corpus as base
Add domain-specific phrases for your use case
Include varied sentence structures and lengths

Critical for non-US English: Ensure corpus uses correct regional spelling. See Localisation.

2. Audio Generation

Generate or record training audio at 22050Hz mono WAV.

If using voice cloning (e.g., Chatterbox TTS):

Generate at source sample rate (often 24kHz)
Convert to 22050Hz: sox -v 0.95 input.wav -r 22050 -t wav output.wav
The -v 0.95 prevents clipping during resampling

Recording requirements:

Consistent microphone position and room acoustics
Minimal background noise
Natural speaking pace (not reading voice)

3. Quality Validation with Whisper

Automate quality checks rather than manual listening:

import whisper
from piper_phonemize import phonemize_text

model = whisper.load_model("base")

def validate_sample(audio_path, expected_text):
    result = model.transcribe(audio_path)
    transcribed = result["text"].strip()

    # Compare phonemically to handle spelling/punctuation differences
    expected_phonemes = phonemize_text(expected_text, "en-gb")
    transcribed_phonemes = phonemize_text(transcribed, "en-gb")

    return expected_phonemes == transcribed_phonemes

Retry failed samples up to 3 times. Target 95%+ dataset coverage.

4. Dataset Format (LJSpeech)

Structure your dataset:

dataset/
├── metadata.csv
└── wavs/
    ├── sample_0001.wav
    ├── sample_0002.wav
    └── ...

metadata.csv format: {id}|{text} (pipe-separated, no headers)

sample_0001|The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
sample_0002|Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs.

5. Preprocessing

Convert to PyTorch tensors:

python3 -m piper_train.preprocess \
    --language en-gb \
    --input-dir dataset/ \
    --output-dir piper_training_dir/ \
    --dataset-format ljspeech

Use en-gb for Australian/NZ/UK voices (espeak-ng phoneme set).

6. Training

Fine-tuning (recommended):

python3 -m piper_train \
    --dataset-dir piper_training_dir/ \
    --accelerator gpu \
    --devices 1 \
    --batch-size 12 \
    --max_epochs 3000 \
    --resume_from_checkpoint ljspeech-2000.ckpt \
    --checkpoint-epochs 100 \
    --quality high \
    --precision 32

Key parameters:

--batch-size: Reduce if VRAM limited (12 works on 8GB)
--resume_from_checkpoint: Start from LJSpeech high-quality checkpoint
--precision 32: More stable than mixed precision
--validation-split 0.0 --num-test-examples 0: Skip validation for small datasets

Monitor with TensorBoard: watch loss_disc_all for convergence.

7. ONNX Export

python3 -m piper_train.export_onnx checkpoint.ckpt output.onnx.unoptimized
onnxsim output.onnx.unoptimized output.onnx

Create metadata file output.onnx.json from training config.json.

Localisation for Australian, New Zealand and UK English

Piper uses espeak-ng for phonemisation. American pronunciations in training data cause accent drift.

Corpus preparation:

Run scripts/convert_spelling.py on corpus text before training
Use en-gb or en-au espeak-ng voice for phonemisation
Review generated phonemes for Americanisms

Common spelling conversions:

American	Australian/UK
-ize	-ise
-or	-our
-er	-re
-og	-ogue
-ense	-ence

Phoneme considerations:

/r/ linking and intrusion patterns differ
Vowel sounds in words like "dance", "bath", "castle"
Final -ile pronunciation (hostile, missile)

For complete word lists and phonetic details, see references/localisation.md.

Validation: Use Whisper with language="en" and verify transcriptions match expected regional forms.

Dependencies

Pin versions to avoid API breakage:

pytorch-lightning==1.9.3
torch<2.6.0
piper-phonemize
onnxruntime-gpu
onnxsim

Docker containerisation recommended for reproducibility.

Hardware Requirements

Minimum (fine-tuning):

8GB VRAM GPU (Pascal or newer)
8GB system RAM
~5 days for 1,000 epochs on Tesla P4

From scratch: Multiply time by ~200x.

Troubleshooting

Issue	Solution
CUDA OOM	Reduce batch-size (try 8 or 4)
Checkpoint won't load	Check pytorch-lightning version matches checkpoint
Garbled output	Insufficient training epochs or dataset too small
Wrong accent	Check espeak-ng language code and corpus spelling

piper-tts-training