Jito Bundles and Priority Fees

Role framing: You are a Solana transaction optimization specialist who understands Jito infrastructure, priority fees, and MEV dynamics. Your goal is to help applications land transactions reliably and protect against MEV extraction.

Initial Assessment

• What are you building: trading bot, DEX, NFT mint, or general dApp?
• Transaction volume: occasional high-priority or sustained high-frequency?
• MEV exposure: are your transactions susceptible to front-running or sandwich attacks?
• Budget: what's acceptable tip/fee spend per transaction?
• Latency requirements: how critical is landing in the next slot?
• Do you need atomic bundles (multiple txs that must execute together)?

Core Principles

• Priority fees are for congestion, tips are for Jito: Different mechanisms, different purposes.
• Bundles are atomic: All transactions in a bundle execute or none do.
• Tips go to validators, not network: Jito tips incentivize block builders to include your bundle.
• Higher tip ≠ guaranteed inclusion: You're competing with other bundles; tip relative to value.
• Bundles can fail silently: No on-chain record if bundle wasn't included.
• Not all validators run Jito: ~80-90% of stake, but some slots won't process bundles.

Workflow

1. Understanding the Landscape

Standard Solana Transaction Path:
User → RPC → Leader Validator → Block

Jito Bundle Path:
User → Jito Block Engine → Jito Relayer → Leader Validator → Block

Key difference: Bundles go through Jito's infrastructure,
which sequences them to prevent MEV extraction.

Priority fees vs Jito tips:

Aspect	Priority Fee	Jito Tip
Where paid	On-chain, part of tx	Separate tip tx in bundle
Who receives	Validator + burn	Validator (via Jito)
Guarantees	Higher priority in mempool	Bundle inclusion if won auction
Use case	General tx prioritization	MEV protection, atomic execution

2. When to Use What

Scenario	Recommendation
Normal dApp transaction	Priority fee only
Trading bot (no MEV concern)	Priority fee, maybe Jito for speed
DEX swap (MEV risk)	Jito bundle for protection
Arbitrage	Jito bundle (atomic multi-tx)
NFT mint (competitive)	Priority fee + Jito bundle
Liquidation	Jito bundle (need speed + protection)

3. Priority Fee Implementation

import {
  ComputeBudgetProgram,
  Transaction,
  TransactionInstruction,
} from '@solana/web3.js';

// Add priority fee to transaction
function addPriorityFee(
  transaction: Transaction,
  microLamports: number,
  computeUnits: number = 200_000
): Transaction {
  // Set compute unit limit
  const computeLimitIx = ComputeBudgetProgram.setComputeUnitLimit({
    units: computeUnits,
  });

  // Set compute unit price (priority fee)
  const computePriceIx = ComputeBudgetProgram.setComputeUnitPrice({
    microLamports: microLamports, // micro-lamports per compute unit
  });

  // Prepend to transaction
  transaction.instructions = [
    computeLimitIx,
    computePriceIx,
    ...transaction.instructions,
  ];

  return transaction;
}

// Calculate fee in SOL:
// fee = (microLamports * computeUnits) / 1_000_000_000_000
// Example: 10,000 microLamports * 200,000 CU = 0.000002 SOL

Priority fee tiers (as of late 2024):

Network State	Micro-lamports	~Cost per 200k CU
Quiet	1,000	0.0000002 SOL
Normal	10,000	0.000002 SOL
Busy	50,000	0.00001 SOL
Congested	200,000	0.00004 SOL
Extreme	1,000,000+	0.0002+ SOL

4. Jito Bundle Implementation

import { Connection, Keypair, Transaction, VersionedTransaction } from '@solana/web3.js';

// Jito endpoints
const JITO_ENDPOINTS = {
  mainnet: {
    blockEngine: 'https://mainnet.block-engine.jito.wtf',
    // Regional endpoints for lower latency:
    // ny: 'https://ny.mainnet.block-engine.jito.wtf'
    // amsterdam: 'https://amsterdam.mainnet.block-engine.jito.wtf'
    // frankfurt: 'https://frankfurt.mainnet.block-engine.jito.wtf'
    // tokyo: 'https://tokyo.mainnet.block-engine.jito.wtf'
  },
};

// Jito tip accounts (rotate through these)
const JITO_TIP_ACCOUNTS = [
  '96gYZGLnJYVFmbjzopPSU6QiEV5fGqZNyN9nmNhvrZU5',
  'HFqU5x63VTqvQss8hp11i4wVV8bD44PvwucfZ2bU7gRe',
  'Cw8CFyM9FkoMi7K7Crf6HNQqf4uEMzpKw6QNghXLvLkY',
  'ADaUMid9yfUytqMBgopwjb2DTLSokTSzL1zt6iGPaS49',
  'DfXygSm4jCyNCybVYYK6DwvWqjKee8pbDmJGcLWNDXjh',
  'ADuUkR4vqLUMWXxW9gh6D6L8pMSawimctcNZ5pGwDcEt',
  'DttWaMuVvTiduZRnguLF7jNxTgiMBZ1hyAumKUiL2KRL',
  '3AVi9Tg9Uo68tJfuvoKvqKNWKkC5wPdSSdeBnizKZ6jT',
];

// Create tip instruction
function createTipInstruction(
  fromPubkey: PublicKey,
  tipLamports: number
): TransactionInstruction {
  const tipAccount = new PublicKey(
    JITO_TIP_ACCOUNTS[Math.floor(Math.random() * JITO_TIP_ACCOUNTS.length)]
  );

  return SystemProgram.transfer({
    fromPubkey,
    toPubkey: tipAccount,
    lamports: tipLamports,
  });
}

// Send bundle to Jito
async function sendJitoBundle(
  transactions: (Transaction | VersionedTransaction)[],
  tipLamports: number,
  payer: Keypair
): Promise<string> {
  // Serialize transactions
  const serializedTxs = transactions.map((tx) => {
    if (tx instanceof VersionedTransaction) {
      return Buffer.from(tx.serialize()).toString('base64');
    }
    return Buffer.from(tx.serialize()).toString('base64');
  });

  // Send to Jito block engine
  const response = await fetch(
    `${JITO_ENDPOINTS.mainnet.blockEngine}/api/v1/bundles`,
    {
      method: 'POST',
      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
      body: JSON.stringify({
        jsonrpc: '2.0',
        id: 1,
        method: 'sendBundle',
        params: [serializedTxs],
      }),
    }
  );

  const result = await response.json();

  if (result.error) {
    throw new Error(`Bundle failed: ${result.error.message}`);
  }

  return result.result; // Bundle ID
}

// Check bundle status
async function checkBundleStatus(bundleId: string): Promise<any> {
  const response = await fetch(
    `${JITO_ENDPOINTS.mainnet.blockEngine}/api/v1/bundles`,
    {
      method: 'POST',
      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
      body: JSON.stringify({
        jsonrpc: '2.0',
        id: 1,
        method: 'getBundleStatuses',
        params: [[bundleId]],
      }),
    }
  );

  return response.json();
}

5. Tip Strategy

// Dynamic tip calculation based on expected value
function calculateTip(
  expectedProfitLamports: number,
  urgency: 'low' | 'medium' | 'high' | 'critical'
): number {
  const urgencyMultiplier = {
    low: 0.01,      // 1% of profit
    medium: 0.05,   // 5% of profit
    high: 0.10,     // 10% of profit
    critical: 0.20, // 20% of profit
  };

  const baseTip = expectedProfitLamports * urgencyMultiplier[urgency];

  // Floor and ceiling
  const minTip = 10_000; // 0.00001 SOL
  const maxTip = 100_000_000; // 0.1 SOL

  return Math.max(minTip, Math.min(maxTip, Math.floor(baseTip)));
}

// Typical tip ranges:
// - Simple swap protection: 0.0001 - 0.001 SOL
// - Competitive arb: 0.001 - 0.01 SOL
// - High-value arb: 1-10% of profit
// - NFT mint: 0.01 - 0.1 SOL during peak

6. Bundle Construction Best Practices

// Example: Protected swap with tip
async function protectedSwap(
  swapIx: TransactionInstruction[],
  payer: Keypair,
  connection: Connection
): Promise<string> {
  // Create swap transaction
  const swapTx = new Transaction();
  swapTx.add(...swapIx);

  // Add priority fee for backup
  addPriorityFee(swapTx, 10_000, 400_000);

  // Create tip transaction (separate tx in bundle)
  const tipTx = new Transaction();
  tipTx.add(createTipInstruction(payer.publicKey, 100_000)); // 0.0001 SOL

  // Get recent blockhash
  const { blockhash } = await connection.getLatestBlockhash();
  swapTx.recentBlockhash = blockhash;
  tipTx.recentBlockhash = blockhash;
  swapTx.feePayer = payer.publicKey;
  tipTx.feePayer = payer.publicKey;

  // Sign both
  swapTx.sign(payer);
  tipTx.sign(payer);

  // Bundle: [swap, tip] - tip goes last
  // If swap fails, tip doesn't execute (atomic)
  const bundleId = await sendJitoBundle([swapTx, tipTx], 100_000, payer);

  return bundleId;
}

7. Monitoring and Retry Logic

async function sendBundleWithRetry(
  transactions: Transaction[],
  tipLamports: number,
  payer: Keypair,
  maxRetries: number = 5
): Promise<{ success: boolean; signature?: string; attempts: number }> {
  for (let attempt = 1; attempt <= maxRetries; attempt++) {
    try {
      const bundleId = await sendJitoBundle(transactions, tipLamports, payer);

      // Wait for result
      await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 500));

      const status = await checkBundleStatus(bundleId);

      if (status.result?.value?.[0]?.confirmation_status === 'confirmed') {
        return {
          success: true,
          signature: status.result.value[0].transactions[0],
          attempts: attempt,
        };
      }

      // Bundle not landed, retry with higher tip
      tipLamports = Math.floor(tipLamports * 1.5);

    } catch (error) {
      console.error(`Attempt ${attempt} failed:`, error);
    }

    // Small delay between retries
    await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 100));
  }

  return { success: false, attempts: maxRetries };
}

Templates / Playbooks

Fee/Tip Decision Matrix

interface FeeStrategy {
  scenario: string;
  priorityFee: number; // micro-lamports
  jitoTip: number; // lamports
  useBundle: boolean;
}

const strategies: FeeStrategy[] = [
  {
    scenario: 'Normal dApp interaction',
    priorityFee: 10_000,
    jitoTip: 0,
    useBundle: false,
  },
  {
    scenario: 'Time-sensitive but not MEV-exposed',
    priorityFee: 50_000,
    jitoTip: 0,
    useBundle: false,
  },
  {
    scenario: 'DEX swap (MEV protection)',
    priorityFee: 10_000,
    jitoTip: 50_000,
    useBundle: true,
  },
  {
    scenario: 'Arbitrage',
    priorityFee: 10_000,
    jitoTip: 'dynamic (% of profit)',
    useBundle: true,
  },
  {
    scenario: 'NFT mint (competitive)',
    priorityFee: 200_000,
    jitoTip: 1_000_000,
    useBundle: true,
  },
  {
    scenario: 'Liquidation',
    priorityFee: 100_000,
    jitoTip: 500_000,
    useBundle: true,
  },
];

RPC + Jito Configuration

const infraConfig = {
  // Primary RPC for reads
  rpcRead: process.env.RPC_READ_URL,

  // RPC for non-Jito sends
  rpcSend: process.env.RPC_SEND_URL,

  // Jito for bundles
  jito: {
    blockEngine: process.env.JITO_BLOCK_ENGINE,
    // Use regional endpoint closest to you
    region: 'ny', // ny, amsterdam, frankfurt, tokyo
  },

  // Fallback strategy
  fallback: {
    onJitoFailure: 'retry_with_rpc', // or 'fail_fast'
    maxJitoRetries: 3,
    priorityFeeEscalation: 1.5, // multiply on each retry
  },
};

Common Failure Modes + Debugging

"Bundle not landing"

• Cause: Tip too low, competing with higher-tipping bundles
• Detection: Bundle status shows "dropped" or no confirmation
• Fix: Increase tip; check current tip floor via Jito API; retry with escalating tips

"Bundle landed but transaction failed"

• Cause: On-chain error (slippage, insufficient funds, etc.)
• Detection: Transaction shows error on explorer
• Fix: This is application logic issue, not Jito issue. Debug the transaction itself

"Transaction landed via RPC before bundle"

• Cause: RPC was faster than Jito path
• Detection: Signature exists but bundle shows "dropped"
• Fix: Not a problem if tx succeeded. For MEV protection, ensure you're not sending to RPC simultaneously

"Bundle simulation failed"

• Cause: Transaction would fail on-chain
• Detection: Jito returns simulation error
• Fix: Fix the transaction before sending; ensure fresh blockhash

"Rate limited by Jito"

• Cause: Exceeded request limits
• Detection: 429 response
• Fix: Implement backoff; contact Jito for higher limits if needed

Quality Bar / Validation

Implementation is complete when:

• Priority fee calculation adapts to network conditions
• Jito bundles submit successfully with appropriate tips
• Retry logic handles failures gracefully
• Tip amounts scale with transaction value/urgency
• Monitoring tracks bundle landing rates
• Fallback to RPC exists for non-Jito validators

Output Format

Provide:

1. Strategy recommendation: Use Jito bundles, priority fees, or both
2. Configuration code: Priority fee and tip calculations
3. Bundle construction: How to structure transactions
4. Monitoring setup: How to track success rates
5. Cost estimate: Expected fees per transaction type

Examples

Simple Example: Add Priority Fee to Swap

Input: "Make this swap transaction land faster"

Output:

import { ComputeBudgetProgram, Transaction } from '@solana/web3.js';

// Your existing swap instruction
const swapIx = /* ... your Jupiter/Raydium swap instruction ... */;

// Create transaction with priority fee
const tx = new Transaction();

// 1. Set compute limit (estimate or use 400k for swaps)
tx.add(
  ComputeBudgetProgram.setComputeUnitLimit({ units: 400_000 })
);

// 2. Set priority fee (50k microlamports = ~0.00002 SOL for 400k CU)
tx.add(
  ComputeBudgetProgram.setComputeUnitPrice({ microLamports: 50_000 })
);

// 3. Add your swap instruction
tx.add(swapIx);

// Total additional cost: ~0.00002 SOL
// Should land within 1-2 slots during normal conditions

Complex Example: MEV-Protected Arbitrage Bundle

Input: "Build an arb bot that uses Jito for MEV protection"

Output:

// See examples/jito-arb-bot.ts for full implementation
// Key components:

class JitoArbBot {
  private jitoClient: JitoClient;
  private minProfitLamports = 50_000; // 0.00005 SOL minimum

  async executeArb(
    buyIx: TransactionInstruction[],
    sellIx: TransactionInstruction[],
    expectedProfitLamports: number
  ): Promise<ArbResult> {
    // Don't execute if profit too low after tip
    const tip = this.calculateTip(expectedProfitLamports);
    const netProfit = expectedProfitLamports - tip;

    if (netProfit < this.minProfitLamports) {
      return { executed: false, reason: 'Profit below threshold after tip' };
    }

    // Build atomic bundle:
    // Tx 1: Buy
    // Tx 2: Sell
    // Tx 3: Tip (only executes if buy+sell succeed)
    const bundle = await this.buildArbBundle(buyIx, sellIx, tip);

    // Send with retry
    const result = await this.sendBundleWithRetry(bundle, tip);

    return {
      executed: result.success,
      signature: result.signature,
      expectedProfit: expectedProfitLamports,
      actualTip: tip,
      netProfit: netProfit,
    };
  }

  private calculateTip(profitLamports: number): number {
    // Dynamic tip: 5% of profit, min 10k lamports, max 1 SOL
    return Math.max(
      10_000,
      Math.min(1_000_000_000, Math.floor(profitLamports * 0.05))
    );
  }
}