Skills

write-tests

Installation
SKILL.md

Write Tests Skill

When writing tests, follow this structured process. Good tests verify behavior, catch regressions, and serve as living documentation.

1. Discovery — Understand What to Test

Before writing any tests, analyze the code:

Detect Testing Setup

# Detect framework and config
cat package.json 2>/dev/null | grep -E "jest|vitest|mocha|ava|playwright|cypress|testing-library"
cat jest.config.* vitest.config.* 2>/dev/null | head -30
cat pyproject.toml 2>/dev/null | grep -A 20 "\[tool.pytest"
cat pytest.ini conftest.py 2>/dev/null | head -20
cat .rspec spec/spec_helper.rb 2>/dev/null | head -20
cat phpunit.xml 2>/dev/null | head -20

# Find existing test examples to match patterns
find . -name "*.test.*" -o -name "*.spec.*" -o -name "test_*" -o -name "*_test.*" | head -10

# Read an existing test file to understand conventions
# (pick the most recent or most relevant one)

Analyze the Code Under Test

# Read the file to understand its exports and dependencies
cat [target-file]

# Find what it imports (these might need mocking)
grep -E "^import|^from|require\(" [target-file]

# Find what exports it provides (these are what we test)
grep -E "^export|module\.exports" [target-file]

# Find related types/interfaces
grep -E "interface |type |class " [target-file]

Identify Test Cases

For each function/method/class, identify:

  1. Happy path — normal successful operation
  2. Edge cases — boundary values, empty inputs, limits
  3. Error cases — invalid inputs, failures, exceptions
  4. Integration points — database, API, file system calls
  5. State transitions — before/after state changes
  6. Concurrency — race conditions, parallel execution
  7. Security — malicious inputs, injection attempts

2. Test Structure Principles

Arrange-Act-Assert (AAA)

// Arrange — set up the test data and conditions
// Act — execute the code under test
// Assert — verify the results

Test Naming

Use descriptive names that explain the scenario:

// Pattern: [unit] [scenario] [expected result]

// ✅ GOOD
"createUser returns user with generated UUID when valid email provided"
"createUser throws ValidationError when email is empty string"
"createUser hashes password with bcrypt before saving"

// 🔴 BAD
"createUser works"
"test 1"
"should work correctly"

Test Organization

describe('[Module/Class/Function]', () => {
  describe('[method or scenario group]', () => {
    it('[specific behavior]', () => { ... });
  });
});

What Makes a Good Test

  • Independent — no test depends on another test's state
  • Deterministic — same result every time (no random, no timing)
  • Fast — unit tests < 100ms each
  • Readable — a test is documentation; anyone should understand it
  • Focused — one assertion concept per test (can have multiple expect statements)
  • Realistic — test data resembles real data, not "test" and 123

3. Stack-Specific Test Generation

TypeScript / JavaScript — Jest

import { describe, it, expect, jest, beforeEach, afterEach } from '@jest/globals';
import { OrderService } from '../services/orderService';
import { OrderRepository } from '../db/repositories/orderRepository';
import { PaymentService } from '../lib/paymentService';
import { NotificationService } from '../lib/notificationService';
import type { CreateOrderInput, Order } from '../models/order';

// Mock dependencies
jest.mock('../db/repositories/orderRepository');
jest.mock('../lib/paymentService');
jest.mock('../lib/notificationService');

describe('OrderService', () => {
  let orderService: OrderService;
  let mockOrderRepo: jest.Mocked<OrderRepository>;
  let mockPaymentService: jest.Mocked<PaymentService>;
  let mockNotificationService: jest.Mocked<NotificationService>;

  // --- Setup & Teardown ---

  beforeEach(() => {
    mockOrderRepo = new OrderRepository() as jest.Mocked<OrderRepository>;
    mockPaymentService = new PaymentService() as jest.Mocked<PaymentService>;
    mockNotificationService = new NotificationService() as jest.Mocked<NotificationService>;
    orderService = new OrderService(mockOrderRepo, mockPaymentService, mockNotificationService);
  });

  afterEach(() => {
    jest.restoreAllMocks();
  });

  // --- Test Data Factories ---

  const createValidOrderInput = (overrides?: Partial<CreateOrderInput>): CreateOrderInput => ({
    userId: 'user-abc-123',
    items: [
      { productId: 'prod-001', quantity: 2, priceInCents: 2999 },
      { productId: 'prod-002', quantity: 1, priceInCents: 4999 },
    ],
    shippingAddress: {
      street: '123 Main St',
      city: 'Springfield',
      state: 'IL',
      zip: '62701',
      country: 'US',
    },
    ...overrides,
  });

  const createMockOrder = (overrides?: Partial<Order>): Order => ({
    id: 'order-xyz-789',
    userId: 'user-abc-123',
    status: 'pending',
    totalInCents: 10997,
    items: [],
    createdAt: new Date('2026-01-15T10:00:00Z'),
    updatedAt: new Date('2026-01-15T10:00:00Z'),
    ...overrides,
  });

  // --- Tests ---

  describe('createOrder', () => {
    // Happy Path
    describe('when given valid input', () => {
      it('creates an order with correct total calculated from items', async () => {
        const input = createValidOrderInput();
        mockOrderRepo.create.mockResolvedValue(createMockOrder({ totalInCents: 10997 }));
        mockPaymentService.authorize.mockResolvedValue({ transactionId: 'txn-001' });

        const result = await orderService.createOrder(input);

        expect(mockOrderRepo.create).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
          expect.objectContaining({
            userId: 'user-abc-123',
            totalInCents: 10997, // (2999 * 2) + (4999 * 1)
          })
        );
        expect(result.totalInCents).toBe(10997);
      });

      it('authorizes payment before saving the order', async () => {
        const input = createValidOrderInput();
        mockOrderRepo.create.mockResolvedValue(createMockOrder());
        mockPaymentService.authorize.mockResolvedValue({ transactionId: 'txn-001' });

        await orderService.createOrder(input);

        // Verify payment authorization was called before order creation
        const paymentCallOrder = mockPaymentService.authorize.mock.invocationCallOrder[0];
        const repoCallOrder = mockOrderRepo.create.mock.invocationCallOrder[0];
        expect(paymentCallOrder).toBeLessThan(repoCallOrder);
      });

      it('sends order confirmation notification', async () => {
        const input = createValidOrderInput();
        mockOrderRepo.create.mockResolvedValue(createMockOrder());
        mockPaymentService.authorize.mockResolvedValue({ transactionId: 'txn-001' });

        await orderService.createOrder(input);

        expect(mockNotificationService.sendOrderConfirmation).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
          expect.objectContaining({
            userId: 'user-abc-123',
            orderId: 'order-xyz-789',
          })
        );
      });
    });

    // Edge Cases
    describe('edge cases', () => {
      it('handles single item order', async () => {
        const input = createValidOrderInput({
          items: [{ productId: 'prod-001', quantity: 1, priceInCents: 999 }],
        });
        mockOrderRepo.create.mockResolvedValue(createMockOrder({ totalInCents: 999 }));
        mockPaymentService.authorize.mockResolvedValue({ transactionId: 'txn-001' });

        const result = await orderService.createOrder(input);

        expect(result.totalInCents).toBe(999);
      });

      it('handles maximum quantity per item', async () => {
        const input = createValidOrderInput({
          items: [{ productId: 'prod-001', quantity: 99, priceInCents: 100 }],
        });
        mockOrderRepo.create.mockResolvedValue(createMockOrder({ totalInCents: 9900 }));
        mockPaymentService.authorize.mockResolvedValue({ transactionId: 'txn-001' });

        const result = await orderService.createOrder(input);

        expect(result.totalInCents).toBe(9900);
      });

      it('applies free shipping for orders over 10000 cents ($100)', async () => {
        const input = createValidOrderInput({
          items: [{ productId: 'prod-001', quantity: 1, priceInCents: 15000 }],
        });
        mockOrderRepo.create.mockResolvedValue(createMockOrder({ totalInCents: 15000 }));
        mockPaymentService.authorize.mockResolvedValue({ transactionId: 'txn-001' });

        const result = await orderService.createOrder(input);

        expect(mockOrderRepo.create).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
          expect.objectContaining({ shippingCostInCents: 0 })
        );
      });
    });

    // Error Cases
    describe('error handling', () => {
      it('throws ValidationError when items array is empty', async () => {
        const input = createValidOrderInput({ items: [] });

        await expect(orderService.createOrder(input)).rejects.toThrow('Order must contain at least one item');
      });

      it('throws ValidationError when quantity is zero or negative', async () => {
        const input = createValidOrderInput({
          items: [{ productId: 'prod-001', quantity: 0, priceInCents: 999 }],
        });

        await expect(orderService.createOrder(input)).rejects.toThrow('Quantity must be at least 1');
      });

      it('throws ValidationError when price is negative', async () => {
        const input = createValidOrderInput({
          items: [{ productId: 'prod-001', quantity: 1, priceInCents: -100 }],
        });

        await expect(orderService.createOrder(input)).rejects.toThrow('Price must be a positive number');
      });

      it('does not save order when payment authorization fails', async () => {
        const input = createValidOrderInput();
        mockPaymentService.authorize.mockRejectedValue(new Error('Card declined'));

        await expect(orderService.createOrder(input)).rejects.toThrow('Card declined');
        expect(mockOrderRepo.create).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
      });

      it('rolls back payment when order save fails', async () => {
        const input = createValidOrderInput();
        mockPaymentService.authorize.mockResolvedValue({ transactionId: 'txn-001' });
        mockOrderRepo.create.mockRejectedValue(new Error('Database connection lost'));

        await expect(orderService.createOrder(input)).rejects.toThrow('Database connection lost');
        expect(mockPaymentService.refund).toHaveBeenCalledWith('txn-001');
      });

      it('does not send notification when order creation fails', async () => {
        const input = createValidOrderInput();
        mockPaymentService.authorize.mockRejectedValue(new Error('Payment failed'));

        await expect(orderService.createOrder(input)).rejects.toThrow();
        expect(mockNotificationService.sendOrderConfirmation).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
      });

      it('still completes order when notification fails (non-critical)', async () => {
        const input = createValidOrderInput();
        mockOrderRepo.create.mockResolvedValue(createMockOrder());
        mockPaymentService.authorize.mockResolvedValue({ transactionId: 'txn-001' });
        mockNotificationService.sendOrderConfirmation.mockRejectedValue(new Error('Email service down'));

        // Should not throw — notification failure is non-critical
        const result = await orderService.createOrder(input);
        expect(result.id).toBe('order-xyz-789');
      });
    });
  });

  describe('cancelOrder', () => {
    it('updates order status to cancelled', async () => {
      mockOrderRepo.findById.mockResolvedValue(createMockOrder({ status: 'pending' }));
      mockOrderRepo.update.mockResolvedValue(createMockOrder({ status: 'cancelled' }));

      const result = await orderService.cancelOrder('order-xyz-789', 'user-abc-123');

      expect(result.status).toBe('cancelled');
    });

    it('refunds payment when cancelling a paid order', async () => {
      mockOrderRepo.findById.mockResolvedValue(
        createMockOrder({ status: 'paid', paymentTransactionId: 'txn-001' })
      );
      mockOrderRepo.update.mockResolvedValue(createMockOrder({ status: 'cancelled' }));

      await orderService.cancelOrder('order-xyz-789', 'user-abc-123');

      expect(mockPaymentService.refund).toHaveBeenCalledWith('txn-001');
    });

    it('throws ForbiddenError when user does not own the order', async () => {
      mockOrderRepo.findById.mockResolvedValue(createMockOrder({ userId: 'different-user' }));

      await expect(
        orderService.cancelOrder('order-xyz-789', 'user-abc-123')
      ).rejects.toThrow('You do not have permission to cancel this order');
    });

    it('throws NotFoundError when order does not exist', async () => {
      mockOrderRepo.findById.mockResolvedValue(null);

      await expect(
        orderService.cancelOrder('nonexistent-id', 'user-abc-123')
      ).rejects.toThrow('Order not found');
    });

    it('throws ConflictError when order is already shipped', async () => {
      mockOrderRepo.findById.mockResolvedValue(createMockOrder({ status: 'shipped' }));

      await expect(
        orderService.cancelOrder('order-xyz-789', 'user-abc-123')
      ).rejects.toThrow('Cannot cancel an order that has already been shipped');
    });

    it('throws ConflictError when order is already cancelled', async () => {
      mockOrderRepo.findById.mockResolvedValue(createMockOrder({ status: 'cancelled' }));

      await expect(
        orderService.cancelOrder('order-xyz-789', 'user-abc-123')
      ).rejects.toThrow('Order is already cancelled');
    });
  });
});

TypeScript / JavaScript — Vitest

import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach, afterEach } from 'vitest';
import { calculateShipping } from '../services/shipping';
import type { Order, Address } from '../models/order';

describe('calculateShipping', () => {
  const createOrder = (overrides?: Partial<Order>): Order => ({
    id: 'order-001',
    totalWeightGrams: 500,
    totalInCents: 5000,
    items: [{ productId: 'p1', quantity: 1, priceInCents: 5000 }],
    ...overrides,
  });

  const createAddress = (overrides?: Partial<Address>): Address => ({
    country: 'US',
    state: 'CA',
    zip: '90210',
    ...overrides,
  });

  it('calculates domestic standard shipping based on weight', () => {
    const order = createOrder({ totalWeightGrams: 1000 });
    const address = createAddress();

    const cost = calculateShipping(order, address, 'standard');

    expect(cost).toBe(599); // base rate for 1kg domestic
  });

  it('returns zero for orders over $100 (free shipping)', () => {
    const order = createOrder({ totalInCents: 15000 });
    const address = createAddress();

    const cost = calculateShipping(order, address, 'standard');

    expect(cost).toBe(0);
  });

  it('charges higher rate for express shipping', () => {
    const order = createOrder({ totalWeightGrams: 1000 });
    const address = createAddress();

    const standard = calculateShipping(order, address, 'standard');
    const express = calculateShipping(order, address, 'express');

    expect(express).toBeGreaterThan(standard);
  });

  it('charges international rate for non-US addresses', () => {
    const order = createOrder({ totalWeightGrams: 1000 });
    const domestic = createAddress({ country: 'US' });
    const international = createAddress({ country: 'DE' });

    const domesticCost = calculateShipping(order, domestic, 'standard');
    const internationalCost = calculateShipping(order, international, 'standard');

    expect(internationalCost).toBeGreaterThan(domesticCost);
  });

  it('throws InvalidAddressError for unsupported countries', () => {
    const order = createOrder();
    const address = createAddress({ country: 'XX' });

    expect(() => calculateShipping(order, address, 'standard')).toThrow('Unsupported shipping destination');
  });

  it('handles zero-weight orders (digital products)', () => {
    const order = createOrder({ totalWeightGrams: 0 });
    const address = createAddress();

    const cost = calculateShipping(order, address, 'standard');

    expect(cost).toBe(0);
  });
});

React Component — Testing Library

import { render, screen, waitFor, within } from '@testing-library/react';
import userEvent from '@testing-library/user-event';
import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach } from 'vitest';
import { LoginForm } from '../components/LoginForm';

// Mock the auth service
const mockLogin = vi.fn();
vi.mock('../services/auth', () => ({
  useAuth: () => ({
    login: mockLogin,
    isLoading: false,
    error: null,
  }),
}));

describe('LoginForm', () => {
  const user = userEvent.setup();

  beforeEach(() => {
    vi.clearAllMocks();
  });

  // --- Rendering ---

  it('renders email and password fields', () => {
    render(<LoginForm />);

    expect(screen.getByLabelText(/email/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
    expect(screen.getByLabelText(/password/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /sign in/i })).toBeInTheDocument();
  });

  it('renders forgot password link', () => {
    render(<LoginForm />);

    expect(screen.getByRole('link', { name: /forgot password/i })).toHaveAttribute(
      'href',
      '/forgot-password'
    );
  });

  // --- Form Interaction ---

  it('allows typing in email and password fields', async () => {
    render(<LoginForm />);

    const emailInput = screen.getByLabelText(/email/i);
    const passwordInput = screen.getByLabelText(/password/i);

    await user.type(emailInput, 'alice@example.com');
    await user.type(passwordInput, 'securePass123');

    expect(emailInput).toHaveValue('alice@example.com');
    expect(passwordInput).toHaveValue('securePass123');
  });

  it('submits form with email and password', async () => {
    mockLogin.mockResolvedValue({ success: true });
    render(<LoginForm />);

    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText(/email/i), 'alice@example.com');
    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText(/password/i), 'securePass123');
    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /sign in/i }));

    expect(mockLogin).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
      email: 'alice@example.com',
      password: 'securePass123',
    });
  });

  it('submits form on Enter key press', async () => {
    mockLogin.mockResolvedValue({ success: true });
    render(<LoginForm />);

    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText(/email/i), 'alice@example.com');
    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText(/password/i), 'securePass123{enter}');

    expect(mockLogin).toHaveBeenCalled();
  });

  // --- Validation ---

  it('shows error when email is empty on submit', async () => {
    render(<LoginForm />);

    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText(/password/i), 'securePass123');
    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /sign in/i }));

    expect(screen.getByText(/email is required/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
    expect(mockLogin).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
  });

  it('shows error when password is empty on submit', async () => {
    render(<LoginForm />);

    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText(/email/i), 'alice@example.com');
    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /sign in/i }));

    expect(screen.getByText(/password is required/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
    expect(mockLogin).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
  });

  it('shows error for invalid email format', async () => {
    render(<LoginForm />);

    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText(/email/i), 'not-an-email');
    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText(/password/i), 'securePass123');
    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /sign in/i }));

    expect(screen.getByText(/enter a valid email/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
    expect(mockLogin).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
  });

  // --- Loading State ---

  it('disables submit button while loading', async () => {
    mockLogin.mockImplementation(() => new Promise(() => {})); // never resolves
    render(<LoginForm />);

    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText(/email/i), 'alice@example.com');
    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText(/password/i), 'securePass123');
    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /sign in/i }));

    await waitFor(() => {
      expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /signing in/i })).toBeDisabled();
    });
  });

  it('shows loading spinner during submission', async () => {
    mockLogin.mockImplementation(() => new Promise(() => {}));
    render(<LoginForm />);

    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText(/email/i), 'alice@example.com');
    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText(/password/i), 'securePass123');
    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /sign in/i }));

    await waitFor(() => {
      expect(screen.getByTestId('loading-spinner')).toBeInTheDocument();
    });
  });

  // --- Error Handling ---

  it('displays server error message on failed login', async () => {
    mockLogin.mockRejectedValue(new Error('Invalid email or password'));
    render(<LoginForm />);

    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText(/email/i), 'alice@example.com');
    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText(/password/i), 'wrongPassword');
    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /sign in/i }));

    await waitFor(() => {
      expect(screen.getByRole('alert')).toHaveTextContent(/invalid email or password/i);
    });
  });

  it('displays generic error on network failure', async () => {
    mockLogin.mockRejectedValue(new Error('Network error'));
    render(<LoginForm />);

    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText(/email/i), 'alice@example.com');
    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText(/password/i), 'securePass123');
    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /sign in/i }));

    await waitFor(() => {
      expect(screen.getByRole('alert')).toHaveTextContent(/something went wrong/i);
    });
  });

  it('clears error when user starts typing again', async () => {
    mockLogin.mockRejectedValue(new Error('Invalid email or password'));
    render(<LoginForm />);

    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText(/email/i), 'alice@example.com');
    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText(/password/i), 'wrong');
    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /sign in/i }));

    await waitFor(() => {
      expect(screen.getByRole('alert')).toBeInTheDocument();
    });

    // Start typing again — error should clear
    await user.type(screen.getByLabelText(/password/i), 'x');
    expect(screen.queryByRole('alert')).not.toBeInTheDocument();
  });

  // --- Accessibility ---

  it('focuses email field on mount', () => {
    render(<LoginForm />);

    expect(screen.getByLabelText(/email/i)).toHaveFocus();
  });

  it('moves focus to first error field on validation failure', async () => {
    render(<LoginForm />);

    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /sign in/i }));

    expect(screen.getByLabelText(/email/i)).toHaveFocus();
  });

  it('password field has type="password"', () => {
    render(<LoginForm />);

    expect(screen.getByLabelText(/password/i)).toHaveAttribute('type', 'password');
  });
});

Python — Pytest

import pytest
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock, patch
from decimal import Decimal

from app.services.order_service import OrderService
from app.models.order import Order, OrderStatus, CreateOrderInput, OrderItem
from app.exceptions import ValidationError, NotFoundError, ForbiddenError, ConflictError


# --- Fixtures ---

@pytest.fixture
def mock_order_repo():
    repo = AsyncMock()
    return repo


@pytest.fixture
def mock_payment_service():
    service = AsyncMock()
    return service


@pytest.fixture
def mock_notification_service():
    service = AsyncMock()
    return service


@pytest.fixture
def order_service(mock_order_repo, mock_payment_service, mock_notification_service):
    return OrderService(
        order_repo=mock_order_repo,
        payment_service=mock_payment_service,
        notification_service=mock_notification_service,
    )


@pytest.fixture
def valid_order_input():
    return CreateOrderInput(
        user_id="user-abc-123",
        items=[
            OrderItem(product_id="prod-001", quantity=2, price_in_cents=2999),
            OrderItem(product_id="prod-002", quantity=1, price_in_cents=4999),
        ],
        shipping_address={
            "street": "123 Main St",
            "city": "Springfield",
            "state": "IL",
            "zip": "62701",
            "country": "US",
        },
    )


@pytest.fixture
def mock_order():
    return Order(
        id="order-xyz-789",
        user_id="user-abc-123",
        status=OrderStatus.PENDING,
        total_in_cents=10997,
        items=[],
        created_at=datetime(2026, 1, 15, 10, 0, 0),
        updated_at=datetime(2026, 1, 15, 10, 0, 0),
    )


# --- Create Order Tests ---

class TestCreateOrder:
    """Tests for OrderService.create_order"""

    async def test_creates_order_with_correct_total(
        self, order_service, valid_order_input, mock_order, mock_order_repo, mock_payment_service
    ):
        mock_order_repo.create.return_value = mock_order
        mock_payment_service.authorize.return_value = {"transaction_id": "txn-001"}

        result = await order_service.create_order(valid_order_input)

        assert result.total_in_cents == 10997  # (2999 * 2) + (4999 * 1)

    async def test_authorizes_payment_before_saving(
        self, order_service, valid_order_input, mock_order, mock_order_repo, mock_payment_service
    ):
        call_order = []
        mock_payment_service.authorize.side_effect = lambda *a, **kw: call_order.append("payment")
        mock_order_repo.create.side_effect = lambda *a, **kw: (call_order.append("save"), mock_order)[1]

        await order_service.create_order(valid_order_input)

        assert call_order == ["payment", "save"]

    async def test_sends_confirmation_notification(
        self, order_service, valid_order_input, mock_order, mock_order_repo,
        mock_payment_service, mock_notification_service
    ):
        mock_order_repo.create.return_value = mock_order
        mock_payment_service.authorize.return_value = {"transaction_id": "txn-001"}

        await order_service.create_order(valid_order_input)

        mock_notification_service.send_order_confirmation.assert_called_once()

    # Edge Cases

    async def test_applies_free_shipping_for_orders_over_100_dollars(
        self, order_service, mock_order, mock_order_repo, mock_payment_service
    ):
        input_data = CreateOrderInput(
            user_id="user-abc-123",
            items=[OrderItem(product_id="prod-001", quantity=1, price_in_cents=15000)],
            shipping_address={"country": "US", "zip": "90210"},
        )
        mock_order_repo.create.return_value = mock_order
        mock_payment_service.authorize.return_value = {"transaction_id": "txn-001"}

        await order_service.create_order(input_data)

        create_call_args = mock_order_repo.create.call_args[0][0]
        assert create_call_args.shipping_cost_in_cents == 0

    # Error Cases

    async def test_raises_validation_error_when_items_empty(self, order_service):
        input_data = CreateOrderInput(
            user_id="user-abc-123",
            items=[],
            shipping_address={"country": "US"},
        )

        with pytest.raises(ValidationError, match="at least one item"):
            await order_service.create_order(input_data)

    async def test_raises_validation_error_when_quantity_is_zero(self, order_service):
        input_data = CreateOrderInput(
            user_id="user-abc-123",
            items=[OrderItem(product_id="prod-001", quantity=0, price_in_cents=999)],
            shipping_address={"country": "US"},
        )

        with pytest.raises(ValidationError, match="Quantity must be at least 1"):
            await order_service.create_order(input_data)

    async def test_does_not_save_order_when_payment_fails(
        self, order_service, valid_order_input, mock_order_repo, mock_payment_service
    ):
        mock_payment_service.authorize.side_effect = Exception("Card declined")

        with pytest.raises(Exception, match="Card declined"):
            await order_service.create_order(valid_order_input)

        mock_order_repo.create.assert_not_called()

    async def test_rolls_back_payment_when_save_fails(
        self, order_service, valid_order_input, mock_order_repo, mock_payment_service
    ):
        mock_payment_service.authorize.return_value = {"transaction_id": "txn-001"}
        mock_order_repo.create.side_effect = Exception("Database connection lost")

        with pytest.raises(Exception, match="Database connection lost"):
            await order_service.create_order(valid_order_input)

        mock_payment_service.refund.assert_called_once_with("txn-001")


# --- Cancel Order Tests ---

class TestCancelOrder:
    """Tests for OrderService.cancel_order"""

    async def test_updates_status_to_cancelled(
        self, order_service, mock_order, mock_order_repo
    ):
        mock_order_repo.find_by_id.return_value = mock_order
        cancelled_order = Order(**{**mock_order.__dict__, "status": OrderStatus.CANCELLED})
        mock_order_repo.update.return_value = cancelled_order

        result = await order_service.cancel_order("order-xyz-789", "user-abc-123")

        assert result.status == OrderStatus.CANCELLED

    async def test_raises_not_found_for_nonexistent_order(
        self, order_service, mock_order_repo
    ):
        mock_order_repo.find_by_id.return_value = None

        with pytest.raises(NotFoundError, match="Order not found"):
            await order_service.cancel_order("nonexistent", "user-abc-123")

    async def test_raises_forbidden_when_user_does_not_own_order(
        self, order_service, mock_order, mock_order_repo
    ):
        mock_order.user_id = "different-user"
        mock_order_repo.find_by_id.return_value = mock_order

        with pytest.raises(ForbiddenError):
            await order_service.cancel_order("order-xyz-789", "user-abc-123")

    async def test_raises_conflict_when_order_already_shipped(
        self, order_service, mock_order, mock_order_repo
    ):
        mock_order.status = OrderStatus.SHIPPED
        mock_order_repo.find_by_id.return_value = mock_order

        with pytest.raises(ConflictError, match="already been shipped"):
            await order_service.cancel_order("order-xyz-789", "user-abc-123")

    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
        "invalid_status",
        [OrderStatus.SHIPPED, OrderStatus.DELIVERED, OrderStatus.CANCELLED],
    )
    async def test_raises_conflict_for_non_cancellable_statuses(
        self, order_service, mock_order, mock_order_repo, invalid_status
    ):
        mock_order.status = invalid_status
        mock_order_repo.find_by_id.return_value = mock_order

        with pytest.raises(ConflictError):
            await order_service.cancel_order("order-xyz-789", "user-abc-123")

Go — Standard Testing

package order_test

import (
	"context"
	"errors"
	"testing"

	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
	"github.com/stretchr/testify/mock"
	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
	"myapp/internal/order"
)

// --- Mocks ---

type MockOrderRepo struct {
	mock.Mock
}

func (m *MockOrderRepo) Create(ctx context.Context, o *order.Order) (*order.Order, error) {
	args := m.Called(ctx, o)
	if args.Get(0) == nil {
		return nil, args.Error(1)
	}
	return args.Get(0).(*order.Order), args.Error(1)
}

func (m *MockOrderRepo) FindByID(ctx context.Context, id string) (*order.Order, error) {
	args := m.Called(ctx, id)
	if args.Get(0) == nil {
		return nil, args.Error(1)
	}
	return args.Get(0).(*order.Order), args.Error(1)
}

type MockPaymentService struct {
	mock.Mock
}

func (m *MockPaymentService) Authorize(ctx context.Context, amount int, currency string) (string, error) {
	args := m.Called(ctx, amount, currency)
	return args.String(0), args.Error(1)
}

func (m *MockPaymentService) Refund(ctx context.Context, txnID string) error {
	args := m.Called(ctx, txnID)
	return args.Error(0)
}

// --- Helpers ---

func newValidInput() order.CreateInput {
	return order.CreateInput{
		UserID: "user-abc-123",
		Items: []order.ItemInput{
			{ProductID: "prod-001", Quantity: 2, PriceInCents: 2999},
			{ProductID: "prod-002", Quantity: 1, PriceInCents: 4999},
		},
		ShippingCountry: "US",
	}
}

func newMockOrder() *order.Order {
	return &order.Order{
		ID:            "order-xyz-789",
		UserID:        "user-abc-123",
		Status:        order.StatusPending,
		TotalInCents:  10997,
	}
}

// --- Tests ---

func TestCreateOrder(t *testing.T) {
	t.Run("creates order with correct total", func(t *testing.T) {
		t.Parallel()
		repo := new(MockOrderRepo)
		payment := new(MockPaymentService)
		svc := order.NewService(repo, payment)

		payment.On("Authorize", mock.Anything, 10997, "USD").Return("txn-001", nil)
		repo.On("Create", mock.Anything, mock.AnythingOfType("*order.Order")).Return(newMockOrder(), nil)

		result, err := svc.CreateOrder(context.Background(), newValidInput())

		require.NoError(t, err)
		assert.Equal(t, 10997, result.TotalInCents)
		repo.AssertExpectations(t)
		payment.AssertExpectations(t)
	})

	t.Run("returns error when items slice is empty", func(t *testing.T) {
		t.Parallel()
		repo := new(MockOrderRepo)
		payment := new(MockPaymentService)
		svc := order.NewService(repo, payment)

		input := newValidInput()
		input.Items = []order.ItemInput{}

		_, err := svc.CreateOrder(context.Background(), input)

		require.Error(t, err)
		assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "at least one item")
		repo.AssertNotCalled(t, "Create")
	})

	t.Run("does not save order when payment fails", func(t *testing.T) {
		t.Parallel()
		repo := new(MockOrderRepo)
		payment := new(MockPaymentService)
		svc := order.NewService(repo, payment)

		payment.On("Authorize", mock.Anything, mock.Anything, mock.Anything).
			Return("", errors.New("card declined"))

		_, err := svc.CreateOrder(context.Background(), newValidInput())

		require.Error(t, err)
		assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "card declined")
		repo.AssertNotCalled(t, "Create")
	})

	t.Run("refunds payment when save fails", func(t *testing.T) {
		t.Parallel()
		repo := new(MockOrderRepo)
		payment := new(MockPaymentService)
		svc := order.NewService(repo, payment)

		payment.On("Authorize", mock.Anything, mock.Anything, mock.Anything).Return("txn-001", nil)
		repo.On("Create", mock.Anything, mock.Anything).Return(nil, errors.New("db error"))
		payment.On("Refund", mock.Anything, "txn-001").Return(nil)

		_, err := svc.CreateOrder(context.Background(), newValidInput())

		require.Error(t, err)
		payment.AssertCalled(t, "Refund", mock.Anything, "txn-001")
	})

	t.Run("applies free shipping for orders over 10000 cents", func(t *testing.T) {
		t.Parallel()
		repo := new(MockOrderRepo)
		payment := new(MockPaymentService)
		svc := order.NewService(repo, payment)

		input := order.CreateInput{
			UserID: "user-abc-123",
			Items: []order.ItemInput{
				{ProductID: "prod-001", Quantity: 1, PriceInCents: 15000},
			},
			ShippingCountry: "US",
		}

		payment.On("Authorize", mock.Anything, mock.Anything, mock.Anything).Return("txn-001", nil)
		repo.On("Create", mock.Anything, mock.MatchedBy(func(o *order.Order) bool {
			return o.ShippingCostInCents == 0
		})).Return(newMockOrder(), nil)

		_, err := svc.CreateOrder(context.Background(), input)

		require.NoError(t, err)
		repo.AssertExpectations(t)
	})
}

func TestCancelOrder(t *testing.T) {
	t.Run("cancels pending order successfully", func(t *testing.T) {
		t.Parallel()
		repo := new(MockOrderRepo)
		payment := new(MockPaymentService)
		svc := order.NewService(repo, payment)

		pending := newMockOrder()
		pending.Status = order.StatusPending
		repo.On("FindByID", mock.Anything, "order-xyz-789").Return(pending, nil)
		repo.On("Update", mock.Anything, mock.Anything).Return(nil)

		err := svc.CancelOrder(context.Background(), "order-xyz-789", "user-abc-123")

		require.NoError(t, err)
	})

	t.Run("returns error when order not found", func(t *testing.T) {
		t.Parallel()
		repo := new(MockOrderRepo)
		payment := new(MockPaymentService)
		svc := order.NewService(repo, payment)

		repo.On("FindByID", mock.Anything, "nonexistent").Return(nil, order.ErrNotFound)

		err := svc.CancelOrder(context.Background(), "nonexistent", "user-abc-123")

		require.ErrorIs(t, err, order.ErrNotFound)
	})

	t.Run("returns error when user does not own order", func(t *testing.T) {
		t.Parallel()
		repo := new(MockOrderRepo)
		payment := new(MockPaymentService)
		svc := order.NewService(repo, payment)

		o := newMockOrder()
		o.UserID = "different-user"
		repo.On("FindByID", mock.Anything, "order-xyz-789").Return(o, nil)

		err := svc.CancelOrder(context.Background(), "order-xyz-789", "user-abc-123")

		require.ErrorIs(t, err, order.ErrForbidden)
	})
}

// --- Table-Driven Tests ---

func TestCalculateTotal(t *testing.T) {
	tests := []struct {
		name     string
		items    []order.ItemInput
		expected int
	}{
		{
			name:     "single item",
			items:    []order.ItemInput{{Quantity: 1, PriceInCents: 999}},
			expected: 999,
		},
		{
			name:     "multiple items",
			items:    []order.ItemInput{{Quantity: 2, PriceInCents: 500}, {Quantity: 1, PriceInCents: 300}},
			expected: 1300,
		},
		{
			name:     "empty items",
			items:    []order.ItemInput{},
			expected: 0,
		},
		{
			name:     "large quantity",
			items:    []order.ItemInput{{Quantity: 99, PriceInCents: 100}},
			expected: 9900,
		},
	}

	for _, tt := range tests {
		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
			t.Parallel()
			result := order.CalculateTotal(tt.items)
			assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, result)
		})
	}
}

Ruby — RSpec

require 'rails_helper'

RSpec.describe OrderService do
  let(:order_repo) { instance_double(OrderRepository) }
  let(:payment_service) { instance_double(PaymentService) }
  let(:notification_service) { instance_double(NotificationService) }
  let(:service) { described_class.new(order_repo:, payment_service:, notification_service:) }

  let(:valid_input) do
    {
      user_id: "user-abc-123",
      items: [
        { product_id: "prod-001", quantity: 2, price_in_cents: 2999 },
        { product_id: "prod-002", quantity: 1, price_in_cents: 4999 }
      ],
      shipping_address: { country: "US", zip: "90210" }
    }
  end

  let(:mock_order) do
    build(:order,
      id: "order-xyz-789",
      user_id: "user-abc-123",
      status: :pending,
      total_in_cents: 10_997
    )
  end

  describe "#create_order" do
    context "with valid input" do
      before do
        allow(payment_service).to receive(:authorize).and_return("txn-001")
        allow(order_repo).to receive(:create).and_return(mock_order)
        allow(notification_service).to receive(:send_order_confirmation)
      end

      it "creates order with correct total" do
        result = service.create_order(valid_input)

        expect(result.total_in_cents).to eq(10_997)
      end

      it "authorizes payment before saving" do
        service.create_order(valid_input)

        expect(payment_service).to have_received(:authorize).ordered
        expect(order_repo).to have_received(:create).ordered
      end

      it "sends confirmation notification" do
        service.create_order(valid_input)

        expect(notification_service).to have_received(:send_order_confirmation)
          .with(hash_including(order_id: "order-xyz-789"))
      end
    end

    context "with empty items" do
      it "raises ValidationError" do
        input = valid_input.merge(items: [])

        expect { service.create_order(input) }
          .to raise_error(ValidationError, /at least one item/)
      end
    end

    context "when payment fails" do
      before do
        allow(payment_service).to receive(:authorize).and_raise("Card declined")
      end

      it "does not save the order" do
        expect { service.create_order(valid_input) }.to raise_error(RuntimeError)
        expect(order_repo).not_to have_received(:create)
      end
    end

    context "when save fails after payment" do
      before do
        allow(payment_service).to receive(:authorize).and_return("txn-001")
        allow(payment_service).to receive(:refund)
        allow(order_repo).to receive(:create).and_raise("DB error")
      end

      it "refunds the payment" do
        expect { service.create_order(valid_input) }.to raise_error(RuntimeError)
        expect(payment_service).to have_received(:refund).with("txn-001")
      end
    end
  end

  describe "#cancel_order" do
    context "when order exists and user owns it" do
      let(:pending_order) { build(:order, user_id: "user-abc-123", status: :pending) }

      before do
        allow(order_repo).to receive(:find_by_id).and_return(pending_order)
        allow(order_repo).to receive(:update)
      end

      it "updates status to cancelled" do
        service.cancel_order("order-xyz-789", "user-abc-123")

        expect(order_repo).to have_received(:update)
          .with(hash_including(status: :cancelled))
      end
    end

    context "when order does not exist" do
      before { allow(order_repo).to receive(:find_by_id).and_return(nil) }

      it "raises NotFoundError" do
        expect { service.cancel_order("nonexistent", "user-abc-123") }
          .to raise_error(NotFoundError)
      end
    end

    context "when user does not own the order" do
      let(:other_order) { build(:order, user_id: "different-user") }
      before { allow(order_repo).to receive(:find_by_id).and_return(other_order) }

      it "raises ForbiddenError" do
        expect { service.cancel_order("order-xyz-789", "user-abc-123") }
          .to raise_error(ForbiddenError)
      end
    end

    %i[shipped delivered cancelled].each do |status|
      context "when order status is #{status}" do
        let(:order) { build(:order, user_id: "user-abc-123", status:) }
        before { allow(order_repo).to receive(:find_by_id).and_return(order) }

        it "raises ConflictError" do
          expect { service.cancel_order("order-xyz-789", "user-abc-123") }
            .to raise_error(ConflictError)
        end
      end
    end
  end
end

PHP — PHPUnit / Pest

<?php

use Tests\TestCase;
use App\Services\OrderService;
use App\Models\Order;
use App\Exceptions\ValidationException;
use App\Exceptions\ForbiddenException;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;

class OrderServiceTest extends TestCase
{
    use RefreshDatabase;

    private OrderService $service;

    protected function setUp(): void
    {
        parent::setUp();
        $this->service = app(OrderService::class);
    }

    private function validInput(array $overrides = []): array
    {
        return array_merge([
            'user_id' => 'user-abc-123',
            'items' => [
                ['product_id' => 'prod-001', 'quantity' => 2, 'price_in_cents' => 2999],
                ['product_id' => 'prod-002', 'quantity' => 1, 'price_in_cents' => 4999],
            ],
            'shipping_address' => ['country' => 'US', 'zip' => '90210'],
        ], $overrides);
    }

    /** @test */
    public function it_creates_order_with_correct_total(): void
    {
        $result = $this->service->createOrder($this->validInput());

        $this->assertEquals(10997, $result->total_in_cents);
    }

    /** @test */
    public function it_throws_validation_error_when_items_empty(): void
    {
        $this->expectException(ValidationException::class);
        $this->expectExceptionMessage('at least one item');

        $this->service->createOrder($this->validInput(['items' => []]));
    }

    /** @test */
    public function it_throws_forbidden_when_cancelling_other_users_order(): void
    {
        $order = Order::factory()->create(['user_id' => 'different-user']);

        $this->expectException(ForbiddenException::class);

        $this->service->cancelOrder($order->id, 'user-abc-123');
    }

    /** @test */
    public function it_applies_free_shipping_over_100_dollars(): void
    {
        $input = $this->validInput([
            'items' => [
                ['product_id' => 'prod-001', 'quantity' => 1, 'price_in_cents' => 15000],
            ],
        ]);

        $result = $this->service->createOrder($input);

        $this->assertEquals(0, $result->shipping_cost_in_cents);
    }
}

4. API / Integration Test Patterns

REST API Tests — Node.js (Supertest)

import request from 'supertest';
import { describe, it, expect, beforeAll, afterAll, beforeEach } from 'vitest';
import { app } from '../app';
import { db } from '../db';
import { createTestUser, generateAuthToken } from './helpers';

describe('POST /api/v1/orders', () => {
  let authToken: string;
  let testUser: { id: string; email: string };

  beforeAll(async () => {
    await db.migrate.latest();
  });

  beforeEach(async () => {
    await db('orders').truncate();
    testUser = await createTestUser();
    authToken = generateAuthToken(testUser.id);
  });

  afterAll(async () => {
    await db.destroy();
  });

  it('creates an order and returns 201', async () => {
    const response = await request(app)
      .post('/api/v1/orders')
      .set('Authorization', `Bearer ${authToken}`)
      .send({
        items: [{ productId: 'prod-001', quantity: 2 }],
        shippingAddress: { country: 'US', zip: '90210' },
      });

    expect(response.status).toBe(201);
    expect(response.body).toMatchObject({
      id: expect.any(String),
      status: 'pending',
      items: expect.arrayContaining([
        expect.objectContaining({ productId: 'prod-001', quantity: 2 }),
      ]),
    });
  });

  it('returns 401 without auth token', async () => {
    const response = await request(app)
      .post('/api/v1/orders')
      .send({ items: [{ productId: 'prod-001', quantity: 1 }] });

    expect(response.status).toBe(401);
    expect(response.body.error).toBe('UNAUTHORIZED');
  });

  it('returns 400 with empty items', async () => {
    const response = await request(app)
      .post('/api/v1/orders')
      .set('Authorization', `Bearer ${authToken}`)
      .send({ items: [], shippingAddress: { country: 'US' } });

    expect(response.status).toBe(400);
    expect(response.body.error).toMatch(/at least one item/i);
  });

  it('returns 400 with invalid product ID', async () => {
    const response = await request(app)
      .post('/api/v1/orders')
      .set('Authorization', `Bearer ${authToken}`)
      .send({
        items: [{ productId: 'nonexistent', quantity: 1 }],
        shippingAddress: { country: 'US' },
      });

    expect(response.status).toBe(400);
    expect(response.body.error).toMatch(/product not found/i);
  });

  it('returns 429 when rate limit exceeded', async () => {
    // Send requests up to the limit
    for (let i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
      await request(app)
        .post('/api/v1/orders')
        .set('Authorization', `Bearer ${authToken}`)
        .send({ items: [{ productId: 'prod-001', quantity: 1 }] });
    }

    const response = await request(app)
      .post('/api/v1/orders')
      .set('Authorization', `Bearer ${authToken}`)
      .send({ items: [{ productId: 'prod-001', quantity: 1 }] });

    expect(response.status).toBe(429);
  });
});

REST API Tests — Python (FastAPI / httpx)

import pytest
from httpx import AsyncClient
from app.main import app
from app.db import get_db, reset_db
from tests.factories import create_test_user, generate_auth_token


@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
async def clean_db():
    await reset_db()
    yield


@pytest.fixture
async def client():
    async with AsyncClient(app=app, base_url="http://test") as client:
        yield client


@pytest.fixture
async def auth_headers():
    user = await create_test_user()
    token = generate_auth_token(user.id)
    return {"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}


class TestCreateOrder:
    async def test_creates_order_returns_201(self, client, auth_headers):
        response = await client.post(
            "/api/v1/orders",
            headers=auth_headers,
            json={
                "items": [{"product_id": "prod-001", "quantity": 2}],
                "shipping_address": {"country": "US", "zip": "90210"},
            },
        )

        assert response.status_code == 201
        data = response.json()
        assert data["status"] == "pending"
        assert len(data["items"]) == 1

    async def test_returns_401_without_token(self, client):
        response = await client.post(
            "/api/v1/orders",
            json={"items": [{"product_id": "prod-001", "quantity": 1}]},
        )

        assert response.status_code == 401

    async def test_returns_400_with_empty_items(self, client, auth_headers):
        response = await client.post(
            "/api/v1/orders",
            headers=auth_headers,
            json={"items": [], "shipping_address": {"country": "US"}},
        )

        assert response.status_code == 400
        assert "at least one item" in response.json()["detail"].lower()

5. Test Checklist by Code Type

For a Service/Business Logic Function

  • Happy path with valid input
  • Each validation rule (one test per rule)
  • Null/undefined/empty input
  • Boundary values (min, max, zero, negative)
  • Error thrown by each dependency
  • Return value shape and types
  • Side effects (DB writes, API calls, events emitted)
  • Idempotency (if applicable)
  • Concurrency (if applicable)

For an API Endpoint

  • Success response (status code, body shape)
  • Authentication required (401 without token)
  • Authorization (403 for wrong role)
  • Input validation (400 for each invalid field)
  • Resource not found (404)
  • Conflict/duplicate (409)
  • Rate limiting (429)
  • Request body too large (413)
  • Correct content-type header
  • Pagination (if list endpoint)
  • Filtering and sorting (if applicable)

For a UI Component

  • Renders without errors
  • Displays correct initial state
  • Responds to user interactions (click, type, submit)
  • Shows loading state
  • Shows error state
  • Shows empty state
  • Form validation (each rule)
  • Keyboard navigation / accessibility
  • Conditional rendering (shows/hides elements)
  • Calls correct callbacks with correct arguments

For a Database Query/Repository

  • Returns correct data for valid query
  • Returns empty for no matches
  • Handles multiple results
  • Pagination works correctly
  • Filters apply correctly
  • Sorting works correctly
  • Handles null/optional fields
  • Transaction commits on success
  • Transaction rolls back on failure
  • Concurrent access doesn't corrupt data

For a Utility/Helper Function

  • Normal input → correct output
  • Edge case inputs (empty string, zero, negative, max int)
  • Type coercion (string "123" vs number 123)
  • Unicode and special characters
  • Very large input
  • Null/undefined input
  • Return type is consistent

6. Test Data Strategies

Factory Functions (Recommended)

// Create reusable, customizable test data
const createUser = (overrides?: Partial<User>): User => ({
  id: `user-${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2, 8)}`,
  email: `test-${Date.now()}@example.com`,
  name: 'Test User',
  role: 'editor',
  createdAt: new Date(),
  ...overrides,
});

// Usage
const admin = createUser({ role: 'admin' });
const inactive = createUser({ status: 'inactive', lastLoginAt: null });

Fixtures for Complex Data

// fixtures/orders.ts
export const sampleOrders = {
  simple: { /* ... */ },
  withDiscount: { /* ... */ },
  international: { /* ... */ },
  maxItems: { /* ... */ },
};

Rules for Test Data

  • Use realistic data, not "test" and "123"
  • Generate unique IDs to prevent collisions
  • Keep factories close to test files or in a shared helpers directory
  • Override only what's relevant to the test
  • Never depend on specific database IDs

Output Format

When generating tests, provide:

1. Test Plan

File: src/services/orderService.ts
Functions to test: createOrder, cancelOrder, getOrderById
Total test cases: 24

createOrder (12 tests):
  ✅ Happy path: 3 tests
  ⚠️ Edge cases: 4 tests
  ❌ Error handling: 5 tests

cancelOrder (8 tests):
  ✅ Happy path: 2 tests
  ⚠️ Edge cases: 2 tests
  ❌ Error handling: 4 tests

getOrderById (4 tests):
  ✅ Happy path: 1 test
  ❌ Error handling: 3 tests

2. Complete Test File

The full, runnable test file matching the project's conventions.

3. Setup Instructions

Any additional setup needed:

  • New dev dependencies to install
  • Test configuration changes
  • Mock files to create
  • Fixture data to add

4. Run Command

npm test -- --testPathPattern=orderService
pytest tests/test_order_service.py -v
go test ./internal/order/ -v -run TestCreateOrder

Adaptation Rules

  • Match existing conventions — read existing test files first and follow the same patterns
  • Match naming — use the same naming convention as existing tests (test_, .test., .spec., _test)
  • Match structure — co-located tests vs test directory, match what exists
  • Match assertion style — expect vs assert, toBe vs toEqual, follow existing patterns
  • Use existing helpers — check for test utilities, factories, or fixtures already in the project
  • Don't over-mock — test real behavior when possible, mock only external dependencies
  • Run the tests — always verify the generated tests actually pass before presenting them

Summary

End every test generation with:

  1. Tests created — count and file location
  2. Coverage added — which functions/paths are now covered
  3. Gaps remaining — what's still untested
  4. Run command — exact command to run the new tests
  5. Dependencies needed — any packages to install
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