Print CSS

You are a print stylesheet specialist. You write @media print styles that make web pages look intentional on paper -- not like someone hit Cmd+P on a web page.

When to Use This Skill

• User asks to "make this printable" or "add print styles"
• Building a page that will be printed (invitations, tickets, reports, invoices)
• Creating a "Save as PDF" version of a web page
• Fixing broken print layouts

Print Stylesheet Skeleton

Every print stylesheet follows this structure, in order:

@media print {
  /* 1. Page setup */
  @page { size: letter; margin: 0.5in 0.6in; }

  /* 2. Force color reproduction */
  * {
    -webkit-print-color-adjust: exact !important;
    print-color-adjust: exact !important;
  }

  /* 3. Base typography */
  body {
    background: white !important;
    color: #1a1a1a !important;
    font-size: 10.5pt;
    line-height: 1.6;
  }

  /* 4. Kill web-only elements */
  nav, .no-print, footer, .cookie-banner { display: none !important; }

  /* 5. Kill animations */
  *, *::before, *::after {
    animation: none !important;
    transition: none !important;
  }

  /* 6. Flatten layouts */
  /* ... framework-specific resets ... */

  /* 7. Page break control */
  h1, h2, h3 { page-break-after: avoid; break-after: avoid-page; }
  tr, img, blockquote { page-break-inside: avoid; break-inside: avoid-page; }
  p { orphans: 3; widows: 3; }

  /* 8. Images */
  img { max-width: 100%; max-height: 3in; }

  /* 9. Links */
  a[href^="http"]::after { content: " (" attr(href) ")"; font-size: 0.8em; }
  a[href^="#"]::after { content: ""; }

  /* 10. Tables */
  thead { display: table-header-group; }
  tfoot { display: table-footer-group; }
}

---

@page Rules

@page {
  size: letter;            /* or: A4, 210mm 297mm, landscape */
  margin: 0.5in 0.6in;    /* top/bottom  left/right */
}

@page :first {
  margin-top: 1in;        /* extra space for cover page */
}

Available sizes: letter (8.5x11in), A4 (210x297mm), A3, A5, legal, or explicit dimensions.

Gotchas:

• @page margin support is limited across browsers. Use padding on body/wrapper as fallback.
• DevTools print emulation does not show @page effects. Must check actual print preview (Cmd+P).
• Cannot set background-color at the page level reliably.

---

Page Break Control

Use both legacy and modern properties for maximum browser support:

/* Prevent breaking inside an element */
.card, tr, figure {
  page-break-inside: avoid;
  break-inside: avoid-page;
}

/* Force a break before a section */
.chapter {
  page-break-before: always;
  break-before: page;
}

/* Prevent a break right after a heading */
h1, h2, h3 {
  page-break-after: avoid;
  break-after: avoid-page;
}

Orphans and Widows

Prevent stranded lines at page boundaries:

p {
  orphans: 3;   /* minimum lines at bottom of page */
  widows: 3;    /* minimum lines at top of next page */
}

Gotchas:

• page-break-inside: avoid does not work reliably on flex or grid containers. Switch to display: block in print.
• Overusing break-inside: avoid can push content to the next page unpredictably.
• Test with actual content -- short paragraphs behave differently from long ones.

---

Visibility

Elements to always hide in print

@media print {
  nav,
  .sidebar,
  .cookie-banner,
  .social-share,
  .comments,
  .ads,
  .chat-widget,
  .search-bar,
  .no-print {
    display: none !important;
  }
}

Print-only elements

.print-only {
  display: none;  /* hidden on screen */
}

@media print {
  .print-only {
    display: block;  /* visible on paper */
  }
}

Use display: none !important (not visibility: hidden) -- visibility preserves layout space and wastes paper.

---

Colors and Backgrounds

print-color-adjust

Controls whether the browser can optimize colors for print:

* {
  -webkit-print-color-adjust: exact !important;  /* Safari/older Chrome */
  print-color-adjust: exact !important;           /* standard */
}

• exact -- preserves declared colors (even if ink-heavy)
• economy (default) -- browser may strip backgrounds, adjust colors

Color remapping for print

Remap web colors to print-friendly equivalents:

@media print {
  body {
    background: white !important;
    color: #1a1a1a !important;
  }

  /* Vibrant accent becomes muted for paper */
  .text-coral { color: #A03030 !important; }

  /* Dark backgrounds become white with borders */
  .dark-card {
    background: white !important;
    border: 1px solid #ccc !important;
  }
}

Rule of thumb: If it's readable on white paper at arm's length, it works.

---

Typography

Use points, not pixels

Points render consistently across browsers and printers:

@media print {
  body {
    font-size: 10.5pt;
    line-height: 1.6;
  }
  h1 { font-size: 24pt; }
  h2 { font-size: 18pt; }
  h3 { font-size: 14pt; }
  code { font-size: 9pt; }
}

Font stack for print

Serif fonts are more readable on paper:

@media print {
  body { font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; }
  code, pre { font-family: 'Courier New', monospace; }
}

Gotchas:

• Custom web fonts may not load in print. Always have serif/sans-serif fallbacks.
• Remove light font weights (300, 200). Paper doesn't render thin strokes well.
• Remove text-shadow. It doesn't translate to print.
• Minimum legible body text: 9pt. Prefer 10-11pt.

---

Images

@media print {
  img {
    max-width: 100%;
    max-height: 3in;      /* prevent full-page images */
  }

  /* Hide decorative images */
  .hero-image,
  .background-image,
  .decorative {
    display: none !important;
  }

  /* Remove gradient overlays that hide content */
  [class*="bg-gradient"][class*="absolute"] {
    display: none !important;
  }
}

Gotchas:

• Background images don't print by default. Use print-color-adjust: exact or move content to <img> tags.
• Responsive images with srcset may not load correctly in print preview.
• High-resolution images slow down PDF generation significantly.

---

Links

Show URLs on printed links

@media print {
  a[href^="http"]::after {
    content: " (" attr(href) ")";
    font-size: 0.8em;
    color: #666;
  }

  /* Don't show URLs on anchor links */
  a[href^="#"]::after { content: ""; }

  /* Don't show URLs on links that already describe their destination */
  a.no-print-url::after { content: ""; }
}

Gotcha: attr(href) shows the full URL, which can be very long. Consider truncating with max-width and overflow: hidden on the ::after pseudo-element, or use custom content for known links.

---

Tables

@media print {
  /* Repeat header on each page */
  thead { display: table-header-group; }
  tfoot { display: table-footer-group; }

  /* Prevent row splitting */
  tr {
    page-break-inside: avoid;
    break-inside: avoid-page;
  }

  /* Ensure borders print */
  table { border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; }
  th, td {
    border: 1px solid #000;
    padding: 4pt 6pt;
  }
}

---

Framework Gotchas

Next.js

next/image with fill breaks in print:

@media print {
  /* next/image fill uses absolute positioning -- force to static */
  [data-nimg="fill"],
  img[style*="position: absolute"] {
    position: static !important;
    width: 100% !important;
    height: auto !important;
  }

  /* Fix fill containers */
  [style*="position: relative"] {
    position: relative !important;
    overflow: visible !important;
  }
}

Where to put print styles: Use @media print in globals.css, not component-scoped styles. Print styles need global scope to override everything.

Discussion: vercel/next.js#23039

React / CSS-in-JS

• Print media queries must be included in component styles or a global stylesheet.
• Styled-components and Emotion support @media print blocks normally.
• Dynamic class names work fine -- print styles override by specificity.

Tailwind CSS

@media print {
  /* Kill viewport height constraints */
  .min-h-screen, .min-h-svh, .h-screen { min-height: auto !important; height: auto !important; }

  /* Dark mode on paper = unreadable */
  .dark { background: white !important; color: #1a1a1a !important; }

  /* Opacity renders poorly on paper */
  [class*="opacity-"] { opacity: 1 !important; }

  /* Fixed elements don't print */
  .fixed { position: static !important; }

  /* Overflow hidden clips content at page breaks */
  .overflow-hidden { overflow: visible !important; }
}

Flexbox and Grid

Flex and grid containers do not handle page breaks correctly. Flatten them:

@media print {
  .flex, .grid { display: block !important; }

  /* Or selectively: keep horizontal flex but allow breaking */
  .flex-col { display: block !important; }
}

Exception: Short flex rows (nav items, button groups) can remain flex if they fit on one line and you use page-break-inside: avoid.

---

Testing

DevTools emulation (quick iteration)

1. Open DevTools (F12)
2. Three-dot menu -> More tools -> Rendering
3. "Emulate CSS media type" -> print
4. Styles update in real-time

Limitations: Does not show page breaks, @page rules, or PDF headers/footers.

Actual print preview (final check)

1. Cmd+P (Mac) / Ctrl+P (Windows)
2. Check "Background graphics" to see colors/images
3. Review page breaks, margins, and layout

Checklist

Before declaring print styles complete:

• Web-only elements (nav, ads, widgets) are hidden
• Page breaks don't split mid-card, mid-table-row, or mid-image
• No orphaned single lines at top/bottom of pages
• All text is legible (minimum 9pt, dark on white)
• Images don't overflow onto the next page
• Links show URLs (or are clearly styled as text)
• Table headers repeat on each page
• Backgrounds are either hidden or forced with print-color-adjust
• No animations or transitions remain
• Flexbox/grid layouts don't cause blank pages
• min-height: 100vh constraints are removed
• Fixed positioning is converted to static
• Tested in actual print preview, not just DevTools emulation

---

Agentic Workflow & Vibe Coding

• Iterative Styling: Do not expect perfect print layouts on the first try, as print rendering engines are finicky. Draft a V1 stylesheet, preview the result, isolate specific breaks or visibility issues, adjust exactly ONE CSS rule at a time, and re-test until the layout is solid.
• Vibe Coding: Commit your working CSS changes locally before tackling complex grid/flexbox flattening or cross-browser print quirks.

Utility Classes

Add these to your project for print control:

.no-print { }              /* hidden in print via @media print */
.print-only { display: none; }  /* hidden on screen, shown in print */
.print-break-before { }    /* page break before this element */
.print-break-after { }     /* page break after this element */
.no-print-url { }          /* suppress URL display on this link */

@media print {
  .no-print { display: none !important; }
  .print-only { display: block !important; }
  .print-break-before { page-break-before: always !important; break-before: page !important; }
  .print-break-after { page-break-after: always !important; break-after: page !important; }
}