Zod v4 Schema Validation

Quick Start

pnpm add zod@^4.3.5

import { z } from 'zod';

// Define schema
const User = z.object({
  name: z.string().min(1),
  email: z.email(),
  age: z.number().positive(),
});

// Parse (throws on error)
const user = User.parse({ name: "Alice", email: "alice@example.com", age: 30 });

// Safe parse (returns result)
const result = User.safeParse(data);
if (result.success) {
  result.data; // validated
} else {
  console.log(z.prettifyError(result.error));
}

// Type inference
type User = z.infer<typeof User>;

Versioning + Imports (v4.3.5)

Use import { z } from "zod" for v4 (package root now exports v4).
Use import * as z from "zod/mini" for Zod Mini.
Use import * as z from "zod/v3" only if you must stay on v3.

Workflow: Determine Task Type

Designing new schemas? → Read API Reference

Migrating from Zod 3? → Read Migration Guide

Working with codecs, errors, JSON Schema, or metadata? → Read Advanced Features

Integrating with frameworks (RHF, tRPC, Hono, Next.js)? → Read Ecosystem Patterns

Key v4 Concepts

Top-Level String Formats

v4 moved string validators to top-level functions:

// v4 style (preferred)
z.email()
z.uuid()
z.url()
z.ipv4()
z.ipv6()
z.iso.date()
z.iso.datetime()

// v3 style (deprecated but works)
z.string().email()

Object Variants

z.object({})        // Allows unknown keys (default)
z.strictObject({})  // Rejects unknown keys
z.looseObject({})   // Explicitly allows unknown keys

Unified Error Parameter

// String message
z.string().min(5, { error: "Too short" });

// Function for dynamic messages
z.string({
  error: (iss) => iss.input === undefined ? "Required" : "Invalid"
});

Type Inference

const Schema = z.object({ name: z.string() });
type Schema = z.infer<typeof Schema>;

// For transforms, get input/output separately
const Transformed = z.string().transform(s => s.length);
type Input = z.input<typeof Transformed>;   // string
type Output = z.output<typeof Transformed>; // number

Common Patterns

Discriminated Unions

const Event = z.discriminatedUnion("type", [
  z.object({ type: z.literal("click"), x: z.number(), y: z.number() }),
  z.object({ type: z.literal("keypress"), key: z.string() }),
]);

Exhaustive Records

const Status = z.enum(["pending", "active", "done"]);

// All keys required
z.record(Status, z.number())  // { pending: number; active: number; done: number }

// Keys optional
z.partialRecord(Status, z.number())  // { pending?: number; active?: number; done?: number }

Recursive Schemas

const Category = z.object({
  name: z.string(),
  get subcategories() { return z.array(Category) }
});

Branded Types

const UserId = z.string().brand<"UserId">();
const PostId = z.string().brand<"PostId">();

type UserId = z.infer<typeof UserId>;
// Cannot assign UserId to PostId

Transforms and Pipes

// Transform
z.string().transform(s => s.toUpperCase())

// Pipe (chain schemas)
z.pipe(
  z.string(),
  z.coerce.number(),
  z.number().positive()
)

Default Values

// Output default (v4)
z.string().default("guest")

// Input default (pre-transform)
z.string().transform(s => s.toUpperCase()).prefault("hello")
// Missing => "HELLO"

Error Handling

Pretty Print

const result = schema.safeParse(data);
if (!result.success) {
  console.log(z.prettifyError(result.error));
  // ✖ Invalid email
  //   → at email
}

Flat Structure (Forms)

const flat = z.flattenError(result.error);
// { formErrors: [], fieldErrors: { email: ["Invalid email"] } }

Tree Structure (Nested)

const tree = z.treeifyError(result.error);
// { properties: { email: { errors: ["Invalid email"] } } }

JSON Schema / OpenAPI

const schema = z.object({
  name: z.string(),
  email: z.email(),
}).meta({ id: "User", title: "User" });

// Generate JSON Schema
const jsonSchema = z.toJSONSchema(schema);

// For OpenAPI 3.0
z.toJSONSchema(schema, { target: "openapi-3.0" });

// Using registry for multiple schemas
z.globalRegistry.add(schema, schema.meta());
const allSchemas = z.toJSONSchema(z.globalRegistry);

v3 to v4 Migration Quick Reference

v3	v4
`z.string().email()`	`z.email()`
`z.nativeEnum(MyEnum)`	`z.enum(MyEnum)`
`{ message: "..." }`	`{ error: "..." }`
`.strict()`	`z.strictObject({})`
`.passthrough()`	`z.looseObject({})`
`.merge(other)`	`.extend(other.shape)`
`z.record(valueSchema)`	`z.record(z.string(), valueSchema)`
`.deepPartial()`	Nest `.partial()` manually
`error.format()`	`z.treeifyError(error)`
`error.flatten()`	`z.flattenError(error)`

Breaking Changes

Numbers: No Infinity, stricter .safe() and .int()
UUID: RFC 4122 compliant (use z.guid() for permissive)
Defaults in optional: z.string().default("x").optional() now applies default
z.unknown(): No longer implicitly optional
Error precedence: Schema-level wins over global

Run codemod: npx zod-v3-to-v4

Framework Integration Quick Start

React Hook Form

import { zodResolver } from '@hookform/resolvers/zod';

const { register, handleSubmit, formState: { errors } } = useForm({
  resolver: zodResolver(schema),
});

tRPC

publicProcedure
  .input(z.object({ id: z.string() }))
  .query(({ input }) => getById(input.id))

Hono

import { zValidator } from '@hono/zod-validator';

app.post('/users', zValidator('json', schema), (c) => {
  const data = c.req.valid('json');
});

Next.js Server Actions

'use server';

const result = schema.safeParse(Object.fromEntries(formData));
if (!result.success) {
  return { errors: z.flattenError(result.error).fieldErrors };
}

Reference Files

API Reference - All schema types, methods, and validation APIs
Advanced Features - Codecs, error handling, metadata, JSON Schema
Migration Guide - Complete v3 to v4 migration reference
Ecosystem Patterns - Framework integrations and organization patterns

zod-v4