Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)

Systematically explore and understand datasets before formal analysis.

When to Use

• User provides a data file for analysis (CSV, Excel, HDF5, etc.)
• User asks to "explore", "analyze", or "summarize" data
• Starting the ANALYSIS phase of a research project
• Before running formal statistical tests
• Assessing data quality and completeness
• Understanding data distributions and relationships
• Identifying outliers and anomalies

EDA Workflow

1. LOAD DATA     → Read file, check structure
2. SUMMARIZE     → Basic statistics, data types
3. QUALITY       → Missing values, outliers, duplicates
4. DISTRIBUTIONS → Visualize variable distributions
5. RELATIONSHIPS → Correlations, group comparisons
6. DOCUMENT      → Generate EDA report

---

Step 1: Load and Inspect Data

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np

# Load data
df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')  # Adjust for your file type

# Basic inspection
print(f"Shape: {df.shape[0]} rows × {df.shape[1]} columns")
print(f"\nColumn types:\n{df.dtypes}")
print(f"\nFirst few rows:\n{df.head()}")
print(f"\nMemory usage: {df.memory_usage(deep=True).sum() / 1024**2:.2f} MB")

---

Step 2: Summary Statistics

# Numerical columns
print("Numerical Summary:")
print(df.describe().T[['count', 'mean', 'std', 'min', '25%', '50%', '75%', 'max']])

# Categorical columns
for col in df.select_dtypes(include=['object', 'category']).columns:
    print(f"\n{col}:")
    print(df[col].value_counts().head(10))

Key Statistics to Report

Statistic	Purpose
n (count)	Sample size, completeness
Mean	Central tendency
SD	Spread/variability
Min/Max	Range, potential outliers
Quartiles	Distribution shape
Unique values	Cardinality for categoricals

---

Step 3: Data Quality Assessment

Missing Values

# Missing value summary
missing = df.isnull().sum()
missing_pct = (missing / len(df) * 100).round(2)
missing_df = pd.DataFrame({
    'Missing': missing,
    'Percent': missing_pct
}).query('Missing > 0').sort_values('Percent', ascending=False)

print("Missing Values:")
print(missing_df)

# Visualize missing pattern
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6))
sns.heatmap(df.isnull(), cbar=True, yticklabels=False, cmap='viridis')
plt.title('Missing Data Pattern')
plt.tight_layout()
plt.savefig('results/eda_missing_pattern.png', dpi=150)

Outlier Detection

def detect_outliers_iqr(data, column):
    """Detect outliers using IQR method."""
    Q1 = data[column].quantile(0.25)
    Q3 = data[column].quantile(0.75)
    IQR = Q3 - Q1
    lower = Q1 - 1.5 * IQR
    upper = Q3 + 1.5 * IQR
    outliers = data[(data[column] < lower) | (data[column] > upper)]
    return outliers, lower, upper

# Check all numerical columns
for col in df.select_dtypes(include=[np.number]).columns:
    outliers, lower, upper = detect_outliers_iqr(df, col)
    if len(outliers) > 0:
        print(f"{col}: {len(outliers)} outliers ({len(outliers)/len(df)*100:.1f}%)")
        print(f"  Range: [{lower:.2f}, {upper:.2f}]")

Duplicates

# Check for duplicate rows
duplicates = df.duplicated().sum()
print(f"Duplicate rows: {duplicates} ({duplicates/len(df)*100:.1f}%)")

# Check for duplicate IDs (if applicable)
if 'id' in df.columns:
    dup_ids = df['id'].duplicated().sum()
    print(f"Duplicate IDs: {dup_ids}")

---

Step 4: Distribution Analysis

Numerical Variables

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns

numerical_cols = df.select_dtypes(include=[np.number]).columns

fig, axes = plt.subplots(len(numerical_cols), 2, figsize=(12, 4*len(numerical_cols)))

for i, col in enumerate(numerical_cols):
    # Histogram
    axes[i, 0].hist(df[col].dropna(), bins=30, edgecolor='black', alpha=0.7)
    axes[i, 0].set_title(f'{col} - Distribution')
    axes[i, 0].set_xlabel(col)
    axes[i, 0].set_ylabel('Frequency')
    
    # Box plot
    axes[i, 1].boxplot(df[col].dropna())
    axes[i, 1].set_title(f'{col} - Box Plot')
    axes[i, 1].set_ylabel(col)

plt.tight_layout()
plt.savefig('results/eda_distributions.png', dpi=150)

Categorical Variables

categorical_cols = df.select_dtypes(include=['object', 'category']).columns

for col in categorical_cols:
    plt.figure(figsize=(10, 4))
    df[col].value_counts().head(15).plot(kind='bar', edgecolor='black')
    plt.title(f'{col} - Value Counts')
    plt.xlabel(col)
    plt.ylabel('Count')
    plt.xticks(rotation=45, ha='right')
    plt.tight_layout()
    plt.savefig(f'results/eda_{col}_counts.png', dpi=150)

---

Step 5: Relationship Analysis

Correlation Matrix

# Numerical correlations
corr_matrix = df.select_dtypes(include=[np.number]).corr()

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 8))
mask = np.triu(np.ones_like(corr_matrix, dtype=bool))
sns.heatmap(corr_matrix, mask=mask, annot=True, fmt='.2f', 
            cmap='RdBu_r', center=0, square=True)
plt.title('Correlation Matrix')
plt.tight_layout()
plt.savefig('results/eda_correlations.png', dpi=150)

# Identify strong correlations
strong_corr = []
for i in range(len(corr_matrix.columns)):
    for j in range(i+1, len(corr_matrix.columns)):
        if abs(corr_matrix.iloc[i, j]) > 0.7:
            strong_corr.append({
                'var1': corr_matrix.columns[i],
                'var2': corr_matrix.columns[j],
                'correlation': corr_matrix.iloc[i, j]
            })
if strong_corr:
    print("Strong correlations (|r| > 0.7):")
    for c in strong_corr:
        print(f"  {c['var1']} ↔ {c['var2']}: r = {c['correlation']:.3f}")

Pairwise Scatter Plots

# For key variables only (to avoid overwhelming output)
key_vars = ['var1', 'var2', 'var3']  # Adjust to your variables
sns.pairplot(df[key_vars], diag_kind='hist')
plt.savefig('results/eda_pairplot.png', dpi=150)

Group Comparisons

# If you have a grouping variable
if 'group' in df.columns:
    for col in df.select_dtypes(include=[np.number]).columns:
        plt.figure(figsize=(8, 5))
        df.boxplot(column=col, by='group')
        plt.title(f'{col} by Group')
        plt.suptitle('')  # Remove automatic title
        plt.tight_layout()
        plt.savefig(f'results/eda_{col}_by_group.png', dpi=150)

---

Step 6: Generate EDA Report

Report Template

# Exploratory Data Analysis Report

**Dataset**: [filename]
**Date**: [date]
**Analyst**: [name]

## 1. Data Overview

- **Rows**: X
- **Columns**: Y
- **File size**: Z MB

## 2. Variable Summary

| Variable | Type | Non-Null | Unique | Mean | SD |
|----------|------|----------|--------|------|-----|
| var1 | float64 | 100 | 50 | 25.3 | 5.2 |
| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |

## 3. Data Quality

### Missing Values
- [List variables with missing data and percentages]

### Outliers
- [List variables with outliers detected]

### Duplicates
- [Number of duplicate rows]

## 4. Key Findings

1. **Finding 1**: Description
2. **Finding 2**: Description
3. **Finding 3**: Description

## 5. Recommendations

- [ ] Handle missing values in [variable] using [method]
- [ ] Consider transformation for [variable] (skewed distribution)
- [ ] Investigate outliers in [variable]
- [ ] Check data collection for [issue noted]

## 6. Next Steps

Based on this EDA, the following analyses are recommended:
1. [Recommended analysis 1]
2. [Recommended analysis 2]

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Integration with RA Workflow

ANALYSIS Phase Connection

After completing EDA:

1. Document findings in .research/logs/activity.md
2. Update tasks.md with identified issues to address
3. Proceed to formal statistical analysis with /statistical_analysis
4. Save figures to results/intermediate/ or manuscript/figures/

Files to Create

File	Location	Purpose
EDA report	results/eda_report.md	Document findings
Distribution plots	results/intermediate/	Quality check
Correlation matrix	results/intermediate/	Relationship overview
Missing data pattern	results/intermediate/	Data quality

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Quick EDA Checklist

• Loaded data and verified structure
• Checked data types are correct
• Calculated summary statistics
• Identified and documented missing values
• Detected outliers
• Checked for duplicates
• Visualized distributions
• Examined correlations/relationships
• Documented key findings
• Listed recommended next steps