Mermaid CLI

Overview

mmdc (Mermaid CLI) converts Mermaid diagram definitions into SVG, PNG, or PDF output. It is the official command-line interface for the Mermaid diagramming library, enabling text-based diagram generation without a browser.

Write diagram definitions in .mmd files using Mermaid's declarative syntax, then run mmdc to produce publication-ready output. This is the primary tool for generating diagrams from text in automated and scripting workflows.

mmdc also serves as a syntax validator: any render attempt validates the diagram. If the Mermaid syntax is invalid, mmdc exits with a non-zero code and reports parse errors to stderr. This enables iterative validate-and-fix workflows.

Prerequisites

CRITICAL: Before proceeding, you MUST verify that mermaid-cli is installed:

mmdc --version

If mmdc is not installed:

• DO NOT attempt to install it automatically
• STOP and inform the user that mermaid-cli is required
• RECOMMEND manual installation with the following options:

# npm (global install)
npm install -g @mermaid-js/mermaid-cli

# npx (no install, run directly)
npx -p @mermaid-js/mermaid-cli mmdc --help

# Docker
docker pull minlag/mermaid-cli

# See https://github.com/mermaid-js/mermaid-cli for more options

If mmdc is not available, exit gracefully and do not proceed with the workflow below.

Basic Workflow

Step 1: Write the Diagram

Create a .mmd file with Mermaid syntax:

cat <<'EOF' > diagram.mmd
graph TD
    A[Start] --> B{Decision}
    B -->|Yes| C[Action]
    B -->|No| D[End]
EOF

Step 2: Generate Output

# Generate SVG (default, best for web)
mmdc -i diagram.mmd -o diagram.svg

# Generate PNG (raster image)
mmdc -i diagram.mmd -o diagram.png

# Generate PDF (document embedding)
mmdc -i diagram.mmd -o diagram.pdf

Step 3: Verify

On success, mmdc prints Generating single mermaid chart and exits with code 0. Check that the output file was created and is non-empty.

Common Patterns

Pattern 1: Generate SVG from File

The most common workflow. SVG is the default and recommended format.

mmdc -i flowchart.mmd -o flowchart.svg

Pattern 2: Generate PNG with Theme and Background

Customize appearance with theme and background color.

# Dark theme with white background
mmdc -i diagram.mmd -o diagram.png -t dark -b white

# Forest theme with transparent background
mmdc -i diagram.mmd -o diagram.png -t forest -b transparent

Pattern 3: Generate PDF with Fit-to-Page

Use --pdfFit to scale the diagram to fit the PDF page.

mmdc -i diagram.mmd -o diagram.pdf --pdfFit

Pattern 4: Inline Diagram via Heredoc

Write and render a diagram in one step without a separate file. Useful for scripted/automated workflows.

# Write diagram to temp file and convert
cat <<'EOF' > /tmp/seq.mmd
sequenceDiagram
    Alice->>Bob: Hello Bob
    Bob-->>Alice: Hi Alice
    Alice->>Bob: How are you?
    Bob-->>Alice: Great!
EOF
mmdc -i /tmp/seq.mmd -o sequence.svg

Pattern 5: Process Markdown File

Replace all mermaid code blocks in a Markdown file with generated images.

# Replace mermaid blocks with SVG images
mmdc -i README.md -o README-out.md

# Replace with PNG images
mmdc -i README.md -o README-out.md -e png

The output Markdown file will have each ```mermaid block replaced with an <img> tag pointing to the generated image file.

Pattern 6: Custom Configuration

Apply a Mermaid configuration file for consistent styling.

# Create a config file
cat <<'EOF' > mermaid-config.json
{
  "theme": "forest",
  "flowchart": {
    "curve": "basis",
    "useMaxWidth": true
  }
}
EOF

# Use the config
mmdc -i diagram.mmd -o diagram.svg -c mermaid-config.json

Pattern 7: Validate Diagram Syntax

Use mmdc to check if a .mmd file has valid Mermaid syntax. Any render attempt validates the diagram — if the syntax is invalid, mmdc exits with a non-zero code and prints parse errors to stderr.

# Validate by rendering to a temp file
mmdc -i diagram.mmd -o /tmp/_validate.svg -q 2>&1
echo "Exit code: $?"
# 0 = valid, non-zero = invalid (error details printed above)
rm -f /tmp/_validate.svg

Pattern 8: Validate and Fix Workflow

Iteratively fix invalid Mermaid diagrams by rendering, reading errors, correcting syntax, and re-validating.

# Step 1: Attempt render to validate
mmdc -i diagram.mmd -o /tmp/_validate.svg -q 2>&1

# Step 2: If exit code is non-zero, read the error output
# Errors describe the syntax issue (e.g. "Parse error on line 3...")
# Fix the .mmd file based on the error messages

# Step 3: Re-validate after fixing
mmdc -i diagram.mmd -o /tmp/_validate.svg -q 2>&1

# Step 4: Once valid (exit code 0), generate final output
mmdc -i diagram.mmd -o diagram.svg
rm -f /tmp/_validate.svg

Quick Reference

Flag	Description	Example
-i <file>	Input file (.mmd or .md)	-i diagram.mmd
-o <file>	Output file (format from extension)	-o out.svg
-t <theme>	Theme: default, forest, dark, neutral	-t dark
-e <format>	Output format override: svg, png, pdf	-e png
-b <color>	Background color	-b transparent
-w <px>	Width in pixels	-w 1024
-H <px>	Height in pixels	-H 768
-s <factor>	Scale factor (default: 1)	-s 2
-c <file>	Mermaid config JSON file	-c config.json
-C <file>	CSS file for styling	-C custom.css
-p <file>	Puppeteer config JSON file	-p puppeteer.json
--pdfFit	Fit diagram to PDF page	--pdfFit
-q	Quiet mode (suppress logs)	-q
-I <id>	SVG element id attribute	-I my-diagram
--iconPacks	Icon pack names (comma-separated)	--iconPacks logos

Supported Diagram Types

Mermaid supports a wide range of diagram types. Use the appropriate syntax in your .mmd file:

• Flowchart (graph TD / graph LR / flowchart TD)
• Sequence Diagram (sequenceDiagram)
• Class Diagram (classDiagram)
• State Diagram (stateDiagram-v2)
• Entity Relationship (erDiagram)
• Gantt Chart (gantt)
• Pie Chart (pie)
• Mindmap (mindmap)
• Timeline (timeline)
• Git Graph (gitGraph)
• User Journey (journey)
• Sankey Diagram (sankey-beta)
• C4 Diagram (C4Context / C4Container / C4Component)
• Quadrant Chart (quadrantChart)
• XY Chart (xychart-beta)
• Block Diagram (block-beta)
• Architecture Diagram (architecture-beta)
• ZenUML (zenuml)

See Mermaid documentation for diagram syntax reference.

Themes

Four built-in themes are available:

Theme	Description
default	Standard blue/gray palette
forest	Green-oriented natural colors
dark	Dark background with light text
neutral	Grayscale, suitable for printing

mmdc -i diagram.mmd -o diagram.svg -t forest

For custom theming, use a configuration file with themeVariables or a CSS file with -C. See references/configuration.md for details.

Advanced Usage

For comprehensive documentation beyond common workflows, see:

• references/cli-reference.md - Complete CLI flag reference with all options, detailed examples, and output format specifics
• references/configuration.md - Mermaid config, Puppeteer config, CSS customization, icon packs, layout engines, and theme variables

Troubleshooting

"mmdc: command not found"

• mermaid-cli is not installed. See Prerequisites section for manual installation instructions
• Do NOT attempt automatic installation

Chromium sandbox error on Linux

• Create a Puppeteer config to disable the sandbox:

cat <<'EOF' > puppeteer-config.json
{
  "args": ["--no-sandbox", "--disable-setuid-sandbox"]
}
EOF
mmdc -i diagram.mmd -o diagram.svg -p puppeteer-config.json

Docker permission errors

• Run the Docker container with user flag:

docker run --rm -u $(id -u):$(id -g) -v $(pwd):/data minlag/mermaid-cli -i /data/diagram.mmd -o /data/diagram.svg

Custom Chromium path

• Set executablePath in a Puppeteer config file:

cat <<'EOF' > puppeteer-config.json
{
  "executablePath": "/usr/bin/chromium-browser"
}
EOF
mmdc -i diagram.mmd -o diagram.svg -p puppeteer-config.json

Blank or empty output

• Verify the .mmd file has valid Mermaid syntax
• Try running with verbose output (remove -q flag)
• Check that the diagram type keyword is correct (e.g., graph, sequenceDiagram)

Timeout errors

• Increase the Puppeteer timeout in a config file:

cat <<'EOF' > puppeteer-config.json
{
  "timeout": 60000
}
EOF
mmdc -i diagram.mmd -o diagram.svg -p puppeteer-config.json

Known Limitations

• Requires Node.js (^18.19 or >=20) with Puppeteer and headless Chromium (~200MB)
• Large or complex diagrams may be slow to render (Puppeteer timeout)
• Icon packs require network access to download from unpkg.com
• PDF output does not support background color customization