PBIR Format Reference

Skill that teaches Claude about the Power BI Enhanced Report (PBIR) JSON format to read and use it. Doesn't support legacy report.json or layout report metadata. To convert from legacy to PBIR format, users have to open and save their reports in Power BI Desktop.

Follow within reason the mental model when working with reports.

WARNING: The PBIR format is brittle and easily corrupted. Direct JSON file modification can lead to corruption. Prefer using the pbir CLI tool if available (uv tool install pbir-cli or pip install pbir-cli), as it has built-in safeguards against breaking report files. Only fall back to direct JSON modification if the user explicitly requests it or if pbir is not available.

General, critical guidance

• Check examples: Check examples for a valid report
• Take a backup: Make a copy of the report before modifying it
• PBIX vs PBIP vs PBIR: So long as report metadata is in PBIR format, any of these formats works. PBIX is just a zip file; unzip and rezip to work with it. Do not work with PBIT (Power BI Template) file types. Note that PBIP and PBIX contain PBIR, but a "thin" report can be PBIR only.
• Valid JSON vs. Rendering JSON: Valid JSON does not guarantee rendering. A visual might not render if the bound field is invalid (missing, wrong table, or misspelled) in the visual.json, if the visual elements are cropped by their container, if a model performance issue causes the dax query to time out, if a model data quality issue results in (Blank) or empty values, etc. Check whether a visual rendered using tools like the chrome or chrome devTools MCP server if the report was published to Power BI, but it's often faster to just ask the user to check in Power BI Desktop or the browser.
• Hierarchical formatting cascade: In Power BI reports, formatting is determined by the following order of operations: defaults --> Theme wildcards (*) --> Theme visualTypes --> bespoke visual.json configuration. Theme overwrites defaults, visualType overrides wildcards in themes, and visual.json overrides all theme formatting. Prefer putting as much of the formatting in the theme as possible over bespoke visual.json formatting because then changes only need to happen in one place
• PBIR files are strict JSON: No comments allowed
• DON'T MAKE ASSUMPTIONS: Check the Microsoft documentation and other reputable resources for context if needed, or ask the user.

Report Structure

Report.Report/
+-- .pbi/localSettings.json                # Local-only, gitignored
+-- .platform                              # Fabric Git integration
+-- definition.pbir                        # Semantic model connection (byPath or byConnection) can open this file in Power BI Desktop to open the report
+-- mobileState.json                       # Mobile layout (niche)
+-- semanticModelDiagramLayout.json        # Model diagrams
+-- CustomVisuals/                         # Private custom visuals only
+-- definition/
|   +-- version.json                       # REQUIRED -- PBIR version
|   +-- report.json                        # REQUIRED -- report-level config, including theme, report filters, settings
|   +-- reportExtensions.json              # Extension measures and visual calculations (report- and visual-level DAX)
|   +-- pages/
|   |   +-- pages.json                     # Page order, active page
|   |   +-- [PageName]/                    # Power BI Desktop may generate names with spaces; recommend no spaces for human-authored names
|   |       +-- page.json                  # Page-level properties, including size, background, filters
|   |       +-- visuals/
|   |           +-- [VisualName]/
|   |               +-- visual.json        # Visual config, formatting, and field data bindings <-- most important and complex file for report dev and formatting
|   |               +-- mobile.json        # Mobile formatting of the visual (niche)
|   +-- bookmarks/                         # Bookmarks are a bad practice and should be avoided if possible!
|       +-- bookmarks.json                 # Bookmark order and groups
|       +-- [id].bookmark.json             # Individual bookmark state containing a snapshot of the report basically
+-- StaticResources/
    +-- RegisteredResources/               # Custom themes, images
        +-- [ThemeName].json               # Custom theme <-- second most important and complex file for formatting
    +-- SharedResources/BaseThemes/        # Microsoft base themes

Rules

Follow within reason the mental model when reviewing or providing feedback on reports.

Modifying a report

1. Understand the user's request. Ask questions if necessary to clarify the business context -- focus on the business process, the users, and the model
2. Explore the report efficiently to locate relevant pages and visuals
3. Check the connected semantic model. For thin reports (byConnection), use fab, pbir, or te CLI tools to explore the model. For byPath, connect to the local model in Power BI Desktop. Understanding the model reveals available fields and calculation logic
4. Identify the appropriate visuals and pages to modify. Ask the user for clarification if needed
5. Plan modifications with the correct PBIR structure and property values

Creating a report

1. Same workflow as modifying, except files are generated from scratch. Use pbir new if the pbir CLI is available; otherwise, check the example reports thoroughly
2. Ensure definition.pbir is configured properly (byPath or byConnection)
3. Use a theme.json file. Recommended: the SQLBI/Data Goblins theme
4. Add appropriate filters to report.json or page.json; see filter pane reference

Additional validation

For detailed report design guidance (layout, spacing, visual hierarchy, color, accessibility), see the pbi-report-design skill. Key rules enforced during validation:

• Use a custom theme; push formatting to the theme over bespoke visual.json unless the user specifies otherwise
• Visuals must not overlap; maintain equal spacing between visuals and page edges
• Every page needs a title (textbox or background image). Ensure textboxes are tall enough to render (24-28 pt)
• Follow the 3-30-300 rule: KPIs/cards at top, breakdowns in middle, detail at bottom. Maximum 2-3 slicers per page; use the filter pane for additional filtering
• Prefer Deneb, Python, or R custom visuals over SVG or heavily customized core visuals -- balance elegance against technical debt
• Use report extensions (thin report measures, visual calculations) only when model measures are not feasible
• Centralize conditional formatting in extension or model measures referencing theme semantic colors ("bad", "good")
• Use consistent colors to direct attention, not to decorate. Avoid pie charts beyond 5 categories
• Sort visuals logically (typically descending by measure). Start chart axes at zero unless there is an explicit reason not to
• Use consistent fonts. Set altText for accessibility. Name visuals descriptively (revenue_bar_chart not a1b2c3d4)
• Eliminate redundant visuals. Consider the "Apply" button on high-cardinality slicers
• See the Data Goblins report checklist for pre-deployment validation

What to Read for Common Tasks

Task	Read
Add or modify a visual	references/visual-json.md -- expression syntax, field references, query roles, position, objects vs visualContainerObjects, selectors
Change formatting or colors	references/visual-container-formatting.md (container chrome) + references/theme.md (theme-level formatting). Prefer theme changes over bespoke visual formatting
Add conditional formatting	references/schema-patterns/conditional-formatting.md + references/measures.md (extension measures for CF)
Add or configure filters	references/filter-pane.md -- all 7 filter types, default values, filter discovery
Work with the theme	references/theme.md -- inheritance, wildcards, visual-type overrides, filter pane styling, inspecting and modifying with jq
Push visual formatting to theme	references/theme.md -- promote bespoke visual formatting into theme defaults for that visual type (copy from visual.json objects/visualContainerObjects into theme visualStyles)
Change page layout/background	references/page.md -- dimensions, background, wallpaper, visualInteractions
Create a tooltip page	references/page.md -- tooltip page setup (type, size, visibility) + visualTooltip opt-in on visuals
Create a drillthrough page	references/page.md -- drillthrough filter in page filterConfig
Change report settings	references/report.md -- themeCollection, resourcePackages, settings, outspacePane
Add extension measures	references/measures.md -- reportExtensions.json structure, DAX patterns, referencing
Add annotations / metadata	references/annotations.md -- custom name-value metadata on reports, pages, and visuals for deployment scripts, documentation, and external tooling
Add images or SVGs	references/images.md -- RegisteredResources, base64 in themes, SVG measures
Add or modify textboxes	references/textbox.md -- paragraphs, textRuns, textStyle
Sort a visual	references/sort-visuals.md -- sortDefinition inside query
Sync slicers across pages	references/visual-json.md -- syncGroup (groupName, fieldChanges, filterChanges)
Edit visual interactions	references/visual-json.md + references/page.md -- visualInteractions in page.json (NoFilter, Filter, Highlight)
Change table/matrix column widths	references/visual-json.md -- columnWidth with metadata selector
Group visuals	references/visual-json.md -- visualGroup, parentGroupName, groupMode
Hide visuals or fields	references/visual-json.md -- isHidden at root level, query projection control
Format chart elements (labels, markers, lines)	references/visual-json.md -- labels, markers, lineStyles, dataPoint
Add analytics lines (reference, trend, error, forecast)	references/visual-json.md -- y1AxisReferenceLine, trend, error, forecast
Work with bookmarks	references/bookmarks.md -- bookmark state, filter snapshots, visual show/hide
Find model fields	references/semantic-model/finding-fields.md -- pbir model, te, fab commands
Rebind to different model	references/semantic-model/report-rebinding.md -- byPath vs byConnection conversion
Understand schema versions	references/schemas.md -- all schema types and current versions
Understand how visuals generate DAX queries	references/semantic-model/inferring-queries-from-visuals.md -- visual metadata → SUMMARIZECOLUMNS mapping, data roles, IGNORE() context
Build or verify DAX query patterns	references/semantic-model/model-queries.md -- SUMMARIZECOLUMNS patterns, ROW(), query execution methods
Rename a table or field across visual JSON	references/rename-patterns.md -- Entity/Property/queryRef patterns in visual.json, filterConfig, reportExtensions
Fix broken field references after model changes	references/how-to/fix-broken-field-references.md -- diagnosis, repair workflow for renamed/moved/removed fields, slicer value pitfalls
Convert legacy report.json to PBIR format	references/how-to/convert-legacy-to-pbir.md -- format differences, step-by-step conversion, projections-to-queryState mapping, validation
Understand reportExtensions.json schema	references/report-extensions.md -- file schema structure, entities, visual calculations; see references/measures.md for DAX authoring patterns

definition.pbir

A report must be connected to a semantic model. There are two ways to do this:

• byPath -- Local PBIP reference/thick report: {"byPath": {"path": "../Model.SemanticModel"}} (schema 2.0.0)
• byConnection -- Remote/thin report: {"byConnection": {"connectionString": "Data Source=powerbi://..."}} (schema 2.0.0)

Related Skills

• pbip -- PBIP project operations: rename cascades, project forking, report JSON patterns
• tmdl -- TMDL file format, authoring, and editing

References

Fetching Docs: To retrieve current Power BI developer/report format docs, use microsoft_docs_search + microsoft_docs_fetch (MCP) if available, otherwise mslearn search + mslearn fetch (CLI). Search based on the user's request and run multiple searches as needed to ensure sufficient context before proceeding.

Examples:

• examples/K201-MonthSlicer.Report/ -- Real PBIR report with 7 visual types (slicer, advancedSlicerVisual, kpi, lineChart, scatterChart, tableEx, textbox), extension measures, bookmarks, conditional formatting
• examples/visuals/ -- 54 standalone visual.json examples; see examples/visuals/__index.md for a catalog. Split into default/ (minimal, theme-only) and formatted/ (bespoke formatting, conditional formatting, gradients, filters)

Core references:

• references/visual-json.md -- visual.json: expressions, field refs, query roles, position, objects vs vCO, selectors, sorting, filters
• references/pbir-structure.md -- PBIR folder structure details
• references/schemas.md -- Schema versions and URLs
• references/enumerations.md -- Valid property enumerations
• references/version-json.md -- version.json format (concise)
• references/platform.md -- .platform file format (concise)
• references/bookmarks.md -- Bookmark structure and state snapshots

Formatting & expressions:

• references/theme.md -- Theme wildcards, inheritance, color system, filter pane styling, visual-type overrides. Includes jq patterns for inspecting and modifying theme JSON directly
• references/schema-patterns/ -- Expressions, selectors, conditional formatting, visual calculations
• references/visual-container-formatting.md -- objects vs visualContainerObjects deep-dive
• references/measures-vs-literals.md -- When to use measure expressions vs literal values
• references/measures.md -- Extension measure patterns

Visual & page configuration:

• references/textbox.md -- Textbox visual format
• references/page.md -- Page configuration and backgrounds
• references/report.md -- Report-level settings
• references/wallpaper.md -- Report wallpaper/canvas background
• references/filter-pane.md -- Filter pane formatting
• references/sort-visuals.md -- Visual sort configuration
• references/images.md -- Static images, base64 in themes, SVG measures
• references/report-extensions.md -- reportExtensions.json format
• references/annotations.md -- Custom metadata on reports, pages, and visuals

Semantic model integration:

• references/semantic-model/ -- Field references, model structure, report rebinding, query inference

How-to guides:

• references/how-to/ -- Advanced conditional formatting, SVG in visuals, fix broken field references, convert legacy to PBIR