Go Interface Design

Go interfaces are implicit. This is the single most important design feature of the language, and most people coming from Java or C# get it wrong at first.

1. The Cardinal Rule: Define Interfaces at the Consumer

The consumer of a behavior defines the interface, NOT the provider:

// ❌ Wrong — producer defines interface (Java thinking)
// package store
type UserStore interface {      // defined alongside implementation
    GetByID(ctx context.Context, id string) (*User, error)
    Create(ctx context.Context, user *User) error
    // ... 15 more methods
}

type PostgresStore struct { ... }
func (s *PostgresStore) GetByID(...) { ... }
func (s *PostgresStore) Create(...) { ... }

// ✅ Right — consumer defines what it needs
// package service
type UserReader interface {     // only what THIS service needs
    GetByID(ctx context.Context, id string) (*domain.User, error)
}

type UserService struct {
    store UserReader  // depends on narrow interface
}

// package store (no interface defined here)
type PostgresStore struct { db *sql.DB }
func (s *PostgresStore) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id string) (*domain.User, error) { ... }
func (s *PostgresStore) Create(ctx context.Context, user *domain.User) error { ... }

// PostgresStore satisfies service.UserReader implicitly — no declaration needed

Why this matters:

• Consumer depends only on what it uses (Interface Segregation Principle).
• Producer can add methods without breaking consumers.
• Testing requires only the methods the consumer calls.
• No import cycle: consumer doesn't import producer's package.

2. Keep Interfaces Small

The bigger the interface, the weaker the abstraction.

// ✅ Good — focused, composable
type Reader interface {
    Read(p []byte) (n int, err error)
}

type Writer interface {
    Write(p []byte) (n int, err error)
}

type ReadWriter interface {
    Reader
    Writer
}

// ❌ Bad — kitchen sink interface
type FileManager interface {
    Read(path string) ([]byte, error)
    Write(path string, data []byte) error
    Delete(path string) error
    List(dir string) ([]string, error)
    Move(src, dst string) error
    Copy(src, dst string) error
    Stat(path string) (os.FileInfo, error)
    Watch(path string) (<-chan Event, error)
}

Guideline: 1-3 methods is ideal. If you need more, compose smaller interfaces.

3. Accept Interfaces, Return Structs

// ✅ Good — accepts interface, returns concrete type
func NewUserService(store UserReader, logger Logger) *UserService {
    return &UserService{store: store, logger: logger}
}

// ❌ Bad — returns interface (hides the concrete type for no reason)
func NewUserService(store UserReader) UserServiceInterface {
    return &UserService{store: store}
}

Return a concrete type so callers get full access to the type's methods. Returning an interface only makes sense when the function genuinely returns different concrete types based on input (factory pattern).

4. Verify Interface Compliance at Compile Time

Use the blank identifier assignment to catch broken contracts early:

// Verify *PostgresStore implements service.UserReader at compile time
var _ service.UserReader = (*PostgresStore)(nil)

// Verify LogHandler implements http.Handler
var _ http.Handler = (*LogHandler)(nil)

// For value receivers:
var _ fmt.Stringer = Status(0)

Place these immediately after the type declaration. They cost nothing at runtime and prevent silent contract breakage.

5. Don't Use Pointers to Interfaces

// ❌ Bad — pointer to interface is almost never correct
func process(r *io.Reader) { ... }

// ✅ Good — interface is already a pointer internally
func process(r io.Reader) { ... }

An interface value is internally two pointers (type + data). A pointer to an interface is a pointer to a pointer — needless indirection.

The only exception: when you need to replace the interface value itself (swap the implementation at runtime), which is extremely rare.

6. The Empty Interface

interface{} (or any in Go 1.18+) means you've given up on type safety. Use it sparingly:

// ✅ Acceptable — generic container before generics / stdlib compatibility
func Marshal(v any) ([]byte, error)

// ✅ Better (Go 1.18+) — use generics instead of any
func Map[T, U any](slice []T, fn func(T) U) []U { ... }

// ❌ Bad — lazy interface design
func Process(data any) any { ... } // what does this even do?

7. Functional Options Pattern

When a constructor needs optional configuration, use functional options instead of a config struct with an interface:

type Option func(*Server)

func WithTimeout(d time.Duration) Option {
    return func(s *Server) { s.timeout = d }
}

func WithLogger(l Logger) Option {
    return func(s *Server) { s.logger = l }
}

func NewServer(addr string, opts ...Option) *Server {
    s := &Server{
        addr:    addr,
        timeout: 30 * time.Second,  // sensible default
        logger:  slog.Default(),    // default stdlib logger
    }
    for _, opt := range opts {
        opt(s)
    }
    return s
}

// Usage
srv := NewServer(":8080",
    WithTimeout(60 * time.Second),
    WithLogger(logger),
)

8. Common Interface Anti-Patterns

Premature interfaces:

// ❌ Bad — interface defined before second implementation exists
type Processor interface {
    Process(ctx context.Context, data []byte) error
}

type processor struct { ... }  // only one implementation ever

// ✅ Good — use concrete type until you need the abstraction
type Processor struct { ... }
// Add interface when you have 2+ implementations or need testing seam

"Don't design with interfaces, discover them." — Rob Pike

Interface pollution:

// ❌ Bad — wrapping every struct in an interface "for testability"
type UserServiceInterface interface { ... }
type OrderServiceInterface interface { ... }
type PaymentServiceInterface interface { ... }
// 50 more interfaces with exactly one implementation each

// ✅ Good — define interfaces where they're consumed
// Each consumer declares only the methods IT needs

Misusing interfaces for enums:

// ❌ Bad — interface used as enum/sum type
type Shape interface {
    isShape()
}
type Circle struct{}
func (Circle) isShape() {}

// ✅ Better — sealed interface pattern (if you need it)
// Or just use constants with a type
type ShapeKind int
const (
    ShapeCircle ShapeKind = iota
    ShapeRectangle
)

Decision Checklist

1. Do I need an interface here? — Only if you have 2+ implementations, need a testing seam, or are crossing a package boundary.
2. Where should it be defined? — At the consumer, not the producer.
3. How many methods? — Fewer is better. 1-3 is ideal.
4. Am I returning an interface? — Probably shouldn't. Return concrete.
5. Have I verified compliance? — var _ Interface = (*Type)(nil)