Turbo Transforms

Write, understand, and debug SQL, TypeScript, and dynamic table transforms for Turbo pipeline configurations.

Identify what the user needs (decode, filter, reshape, combine, custom logic, or lookup joins), then use the relevant section below. If generating a complete pipeline YAML (not just a transform snippet), always validate with goldsky turbo validate before presenting it to the user.

Reference files for specialized topics:

• references/sql-functions.md — Complete Goldsky SQL function reference (decode, hash, U256, array, JSON, time)
• references/evm-patterns.md — Advanced EVM patterns (decode-once-filter-many, UNION ALL, schema normalization)
• references/typescript-transforms.md — TypeScript/WASM script transforms and handler transforms
• references/dynamic-tables.md — Dynamic table transforms (allowlists, lookup joins)
• references/solana-patterns.md — Solana instruction/log decoding and function examples

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Transform Basics

YAML Structure

transforms:
  my_transform:
    type: sql
    primary_key: id
    sql: |
      SELECT id, block_number, address
      FROM my_source
      WHERE address = '0xabc...'

Required Fields

Field	Required	Description
type	Yes	sql, script, handler, dynamic_table, or throttle
primary_key	Yes*	Column used for uniqueness and ordering (*not for throttle)
sql	Yes	SQL query (for sql type transforms)

Referencing Data

• Reference sources by their YAML key name: FROM my_source
• Reference other transforms by their YAML key name: FROM my_transform
• No need for a from field in SQL transforms — the FROM clause in SQL handles it

SQL Streaming Limitations

Turbo SQL is powered by Apache DataFusion in streaming mode. The following are NOT supported:

• Joins — use dynamic_table transforms for lookup-style joins instead
• Aggregations (GROUP BY, COUNT, SUM, AVG) — use postgres_aggregate sink instead
• Window functions (OVER, PARTITION BY, ROW_NUMBER)
• Subqueries — use transform chaining instead
• CTEs (WITH...AS) are supported

The _gs_op Column

Every record includes a _gs_op column that tracks the operation type: 'i' (insert), 'u' (update), 'd' (delete). Preserve this column through transforms for correct upsert semantics in database sinks.

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Key SQL Functions

Quick reference for the most-used functions. For the complete function reference, read references/sql-functions.md.

evm_log_decode() — Decode Raw EVM Logs

evm_log_decode(abi_json, topics, data) -> STRUCT<name, event_params>
-- Aliases: _gs_log_decode, evm_decode_log

Returns decoded.event_signature (event name) and decoded.event_params[N] (1-indexed parameters as strings).

Example:

SELECT
  _gs_log_decode('[{"anonymous":false,"inputs":[{"indexed":true,"name":"from","type":"address"},{"indexed":true,"name":"to","type":"address"},{"indexed":false,"name":"value","type":"uint256"}],"name":"Transfer","type":"event"}]',
    topics, data) AS decoded,
  id, block_number, transaction_hash, address, block_timestamp
FROM my_raw_logs

Tips: Backtick-escape reserved words (`data`, `decoded`). Include all event ABIs in one array. Pre-filter by contract address at the source level for efficiency.

Other Key Functions

Function	Purpose
fetch_abi(url, format)	Fetch ABI from URL ('raw' or 'etherscan' format)
_gs_keccak256(string)	Keccak256 hash (returns hex with 0x prefix)
xxhash(string)	Fast non-cryptographic hash for composite keys
to_u256(value) / u256_to_string(u256)	256-bit integer math (avoids precision loss)
dynamic_table_check(table, value)	Check if value exists in a dynamic lookup table
to_timestamp(seconds)	Convert unix seconds to timestamp

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Common Transform Patterns

Table Aliasing

SELECT balance.token_type, balance.owner_address,
  CAST(`balance` AS STRING) AS balance_amount
FROM my_balances_source balance
WHERE balance.token_type = 'ERC_20' AND balance.balance IS NOT NULL

Simple Filtering

transforms:
  usdc_transfers:
    type: sql
    primary_key: id
    sql: |
      SELECT * FROM base_transfers
      WHERE address = lower('0x833589fCD6eDb6E08f4c7C32D4f71b54bdA02913')

Column Projection and Aliasing

transforms:
  clean_transfers:
    type: sql
    primary_key: id
    sql: |
      SELECT id, block_number, to_timestamp(block_timestamp) AS block_time,
        address AS token_address, sender, recipient, amount
      FROM my_source

Type Casting and Numeric Scaling

-- Token amount conversions
(CAST(decoded.event_params[3] AS DOUBLE) / 1e6) AS amount_usdc    -- 6 decimals
(CAST(decoded.event_params[3] AS DOUBLE) / 1e18) AS amount_eth    -- 18 decimals
CAST(`balance` AS STRING) AS balance_amount                        -- preserve precision

Token	Decimals	Divisor
USDC, USDT	6	1e6
WBTC	8	1e8
ETH, most ERC-20	18	1e18

Conditional Logic with CASE WHEN

CASE WHEN decoded.event_params[4] = '0' THEN 'BUY' ELSE 'SELL' END AS side

Exclusion Filters

WHERE decoded.event_params[1] NOT IN ('0x4bfb...', '0xc5d5...', '0x4d97...')

Transform Chaining

Build multi-step pipelines where each transform reads from the previous:

transforms:
  decoded:
    type: sql
    primary_key: id
    sql: |
      SELECT _gs_log_decode('[...]', topics, data) AS decoded,
        id, block_number, transaction_hash, address, block_timestamp
      FROM raw_logs_source
  transfers:
    type: sql
    primary_key: id
    sql: |
      SELECT id, block_number, decoded.event_params[1] AS from_address,
        decoded.event_params[2] AS to_address,
        (CAST(decoded.event_params[3] AS DOUBLE) / 1e18) AS amount
      FROM decoded
      WHERE decoded.event_signature = 'Transfer'

UNION ALL — Combining Multiple Event Types

Combine transforms with identical schemas into a single output:

  all_events:
    type: sql
    primary_key: id
    sql: |
      SELECT * FROM transfers
      UNION ALL
      SELECT * FROM approvals

All branches must have the same columns in the same order. Use '' or 0 as placeholders.

For advanced EVM patterns (decode-once-filter-many, normalizing disparate events, multi-event activity feeds), read references/evm-patterns.md.

---

Source-Level Filtering

Filter data at the source before it reaches transforms for efficiency:

sources:
  my_logs:
    type: dataset
    dataset_name: matic.raw_logs
    version: 1.0.0
    start_at: earliest
    filter: >-
      address IN ('0xabc...', '0xdef...')
      AND block_number >= 82422949

• Source filter: → coarse pre-filtering (contract addresses, block ranges)
• Transform WHERE → fine-grained filtering (event types, parameter values, exclusions)

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Sink Batching Configuration

sinks:
  my_sink:
    type: clickhouse
    from: my_transform
    table: my_table
    secret_name: MY_SECRET
    primary_key: id
    batch_size: 1000
    batch_flush_interval: 300ms

Use Case	batch_flush_interval	batch_size
Real-time dashboards	300ms	1000
Moderate throughput	1000ms	1000
High-volume streaming	10s	100000

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Debugging Transforms

"Unknown source reference" — FROM clause name doesn't match any source/transform key. Check for typos.

"Missing primary_key" — Every transform needs primary_key. Almost always use id.

"Column not found" — Use goldsky turbo inspect <pipeline> -n <source_node> -p to see actual columns.

Empty results from decoded events:

• Verify ABI JSON matches actual contract events
• Check decoded.event_signature matches event name exactly (case-sensitive)
• Ensure address filter matches correct contract
• Parameters are 1-indexed: decoded.event_params[1], not [0]

Type mismatch in UNION ALL — All branches need identical column counts and compatible types.

goldsky turbo inspect <pipeline-name> -n <transform_name> -p

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TypeScript / WASM Script Transforms

For logic SQL can't express: custom parsing, BigInt arithmetic, stateful processing. Schema types: string, uint64, int64, float64, boolean, bytes.

Key rules: define function invoke(data), return null to filter, return object matching schema, no async/await or external imports.

See references/typescript-transforms.md for full docs, examples, and the SQL-vs-script decision table. Also includes Handler transforms for HTTP enrichment.

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Dynamic Table Transforms

Updatable lookup tables for allowlists, blocklists, and join-style enrichment — without redeploying. Backed by PostgreSQL (durable) or in-memory (fast). Use dynamic_table_check('table_name', column) in SQL.

See references/dynamic-tables.md for full config, backend options, REST API updates, and wallet-tracking example.

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Throttle Transform (Flow Control)

Caps the throughput of a stream by buffering records into batches and emitting each batch on a fixed minimum interval. Throttle does not modify data — every input record passes through unchanged. Use it to:

• Stay under rate limits of downstream sinks or external APIs
• Smooth bursty sources into a steady, predictable rate
• Pace records into an HTTP handler so the receiving service is not overwhelmed
• Slow down processing during development or testing

transforms:
  throttled:
    type: throttle
    from: my_source       # source or transform
    max_batch_size: 100
    min_batch_interval: 10s

Field	Required	Description
type	Yes	throttle
from	Yes	Source or transform to read from
max_batch_size	No	Max records per batch
min_batch_interval	No	Minimum time between batches (e.g. 10s, 500ms, 1m)

A batch is flushed downstream when both max_batch_size records have accumulated and min_batch_interval has elapsed since the previous batch. Effective max throughput ≈ max_batch_size / min_batch_interval records per second.

Best practices:

• Place throttle close to the bottleneck (just before the rate-limited sink/handler) so upstream transforms still process at full speed.
• Tune max_batch_size to match the downstream sink's preferred batch size.
• Throttle is a transform — chain other transforms downstream from it the same way you would any other transform (e.g. from: throttled in a sink).
• Throttle does not have a primary_key field (records pass through unchanged).
• Remove throttle in production where possible; it caps throughput by design.

Solana Transform Patterns

IDL-based instruction decoding, program-specific decoders (Token, System, Stake, Vote), SPL token tracking.

See references/solana-patterns.md for all built-in decoders, full example pipeline, and array/JSON/hex function usage.

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Related

• /turbo-builder — Build and deploy pipelines interactively using these transforms
• /turbo-doctor — Diagnose and fix pipeline issues (including transform errors)
• /turbo-pipelines — Pipeline YAML configuration and architecture reference
• /turbo-operations — Lifecycle commands and monitoring reference
• /datasets — Blockchain dataset and chain prefix reference