Hedera Consensus Service (HCS) — JavaScript SDK

HCS provides a decentralized, ordered message log with consensus timestamps. It works like a pub/sub system: you create topics, submit messages to them, and subscribe to receive messages in real time via mirror nodes. Messages are immutable, ordered, and timestamped by network consensus — useful for audit trails, event logs, supply chain tracking, and decentralized communication.

Setup

All imports come from @hiero-ledger/sdk. Two setup patterns:

Client + setOperator (direct)

import { Client, AccountId, PrivateKey } from "@hiero-ledger/sdk";

const client = Client.forName(process.env.HEDERA_NETWORK)
    .setOperator(
        AccountId.fromString(process.env.OPERATOR_ID),
        PrivateKey.fromStringECDSA(process.env.OPERATOR_KEY),
    );

Wallet + LocalProvider (signer-based)

import { Wallet, LocalProvider } from "@hiero-ledger/sdk";

const provider = new LocalProvider();
const wallet = new Wallet(process.env.OPERATOR_ID, process.env.OPERATOR_KEY, provider);

With the signer pattern, use freezeWithSigner(wallet), signWithSigner(wallet), executeWithSigner(wallet), and getReceiptWithSigner(wallet).

Creating a Topic

import { TopicCreateTransaction } from "@hiero-ledger/sdk";

const { topicId } = await (
    await new TopicCreateTransaction()
        .setTopicMemo("My event log")
        .setAdminKey(operatorKey)       // allows update/delete
        .setSubmitKey(operatorKey)      // restricts who can post
        .execute(client)
).getReceipt(client);

console.log(`Topic created: ${topicId.toString()}`);

Key behaviors:

• Without an adminKey, the topic cannot be updated or deleted (only expiration can be extended).
• Without a submitKey, anyone can submit messages.
• Default auto-renew period is 90 days.

Topic with Custom Fees

Topics can charge per-message fees (Hbar or token-denominated):

import { TopicCreateTransaction, CustomFixedFee, Hbar } from "@hiero-ledger/sdk";

const fee = new CustomFixedFee()
    .setAmount(new Hbar(1).toTinybars())
    .setFeeCollectorAccountId(collectorId);

const { topicId } = await (
    await new TopicCreateTransaction()
        .setAdminKey(operatorKey)
        .setSubmitKey(operatorKey)
        .setFeeScheduleKey(operatorKey)
        .setCustomFees([fee])
        .addFeeExemptKey(trustedKey)  // this key skips fees
        .execute(client)
).getReceipt(client);

When paying custom fees, submitters can set a maximum they're willing to pay:

import { CustomFeeLimit, CustomFixedFee, Hbar, HbarUnit } from "@hiero-ledger/sdk";

const limit = new CustomFeeLimit()
    .setAccountId(payerId)
    .setFees([
        new CustomFixedFee().setAmount(Hbar.from(2, HbarUnit.Hbar).toTinybars())
    ]);

await new TopicMessageSubmitTransaction()
    .setTopicId(topicId)
    .setMessage("Hello")
    .setCustomFeeLimits([limit])
    .execute(client);

Submitting Messages

import { TopicMessageSubmitTransaction } from "@hiero-ledger/sdk";

const response = await new TopicMessageSubmitTransaction()
    .setTopicId(topicId)
    .setMessage("Hello, Hedera!")
    .execute(client);

const receipt = await response.getReceipt(client);
console.log(`Sequence: ${receipt.topicSequenceNumber}`);

Messages can be string or Uint8Array. The receipt contains topicSequenceNumber (incremented per message) and topicRunningHash.

When a submit key exists

If the topic has a submit key, messages must be signed by it:

await (
    await new TopicMessageSubmitTransaction()
        .setTopicId(topicId)
        .setMessage("Authorized message")
        .freezeWith(client)
        .sign(submitKey)
).execute(client);

Subscribing to Messages

The TopicMessageQuery creates a real-time subscription via the mirror node. Messages arrive as they reach consensus.

import { TopicMessageQuery } from "@hiero-ledger/sdk";

const handle = new TopicMessageQuery()
    .setTopicId(topicId)
    .setStartTime(0)  // from the beginning
    .subscribe(
        client,
        (message, error) => console.error("Error:", error),
        (message) => {
            console.log(
                `[${message.consensusTimestamp}] #${message.sequenceNumber}: ` +
                Buffer.from(message.contents).toString("utf8")
            );
        },
    );

// Later, to stop receiving:
handle.unsubscribe();

Important: After creating a topic, wait a few seconds before subscribing — the mirror node needs time to sync the new topic.

Subscription Options

new TopicMessageQuery()
    .setTopicId(topicId)
    .setStartTime(startTimestamp)        // receive from this time forward
    .setEndTime(endTimestamp)            // stop after this time
    .setLimit(100)                       // max messages to receive
    .setMaxAttempts(20)                  // retry attempts (default: 20)
    .setMaxBackoff(8000)                 // max retry delay ms (default: 8000)
    .setErrorHandler((msg, err) => {})   // error callback
    .setCompletionHandler(() => {})      // fires when limit/endTime reached
    .subscribe(client, errorHandler, messageHandler);

TopicMessage Properties

Each received TopicMessage has:

• consensusTimestamp — when the message reached consensus
• contents — Uint8Array message body (automatically reassembled from chunks)
• sequenceNumber — position in the topic (starts at 1)
• runningHash — SHA-384 running hash of the topic at this message
• chunks — individual TopicMessageChunk[] if the message was chunked
• initialTransactionId — original transaction ID (for chunked messages)

Chunked Messages

Messages larger than 1024 bytes are automatically split into chunks. Each chunk is a separate transaction on the network. The SDK handles splitting on submit and reassembly on subscribe.

const largeMessage = "x".repeat(5000); // 5KB message

// Option 1: execute() returns first chunk's response
const response = await new TopicMessageSubmitTransaction()
    .setTopicId(topicId)
    .setMessage(largeMessage)
    .execute(client);

// Option 2: executeAll() returns all chunk responses
const responses = await new TopicMessageSubmitTransaction()
    .setTopicId(topicId)
    .setMessage(largeMessage)
    .setMaxChunks(30)       // default: 20 (max ~20KB at 1024/chunk)
    .setChunkSize(2048)     // override chunk size (default: 1024)
    .executeAll(client);

for (const resp of responses) {
    const receipt = await resp.getReceipt(client);
    console.log(`Chunk seq: ${receipt.topicSequenceNumber}`);
}

Limits:

• Default chunk size: 1024 bytes
• Default max chunks: 20 (so ~20KB max message by default)
• Configurable via setChunkSize() and setMaxChunks()
• Subscribers automatically reassemble chunks into a single TopicMessage

Updating a Topic

import { TopicUpdateTransaction } from "@hiero-ledger/sdk";

await new TopicUpdateTransaction()
    .setTopicId(topicId)
    .setTopicMemo("Updated memo")
    .setSubmitKey(newSubmitKey)
    .execute(client);

All update operations require the admin key. Key-specific updates:

• Changing the admin key requires both old and new admin keys to sign
• Setting a new auto-renew account requires that account to sign
• You can clear keys with clearAdminKey(), clearSubmitKey(), etc.

Updating Topic Fees

await new TopicUpdateTransaction()
    .setTopicId(topicId)
    .setCustomFees([newFee])
    .addFeeExemptKey(anotherKey)
    .execute(client);

Deleting a Topic

import { TopicDeleteTransaction } from "@hiero-ledger/sdk";

await new TopicDeleteTransaction()
    .setTopicId(topicId)
    .execute(client);

Requires the admin key. After deletion, no operations on the topic will succeed.

Querying Topic Info

import { TopicInfoQuery } from "@hiero-ledger/sdk";

const info = await new TopicInfoQuery()
    .setTopicId(topicId)
    .execute(client);

console.log(`Memo: ${info.topicMemo}`);
console.log(`Sequence: ${info.sequenceNumber}`);
console.log(`Admin key: ${info.adminKey}`);
console.log(`Submit key: ${info.submitKey}`);

See references/api-reference.md for the full TopicInfo property list.

Key Roles

Key	Purpose
adminKey	Update/delete the topic; rotate other keys
submitKey	Authorize message submission (if absent, open to all)
feeScheduleKey	Update custom fee schedule

Common Patterns

Event Log / Audit Trail

Create a topic per entity or event type. Submit structured JSON messages. Subscribe from a service to build a read model.

const event = JSON.stringify({
    type: "ORDER_PLACED",
    orderId: "12345",
    timestamp: Date.now(),
    data: { items: 3, total: 99.99 },
});

await new TopicMessageSubmitTransaction()
    .setTopicId(ordersTopic)
    .setMessage(event)
    .execute(client);

Pub/Sub with Multiple Subscribers

Multiple services can subscribe to the same topic independently. Each maintains its own cursor via setStartTime.

// Service A: process all messages from the beginning
new TopicMessageQuery()
    .setTopicId(topicId)
    .setStartTime(0)
    .subscribe(client, null, processMessage);

// Service B: only new messages from now
new TopicMessageQuery()
    .setTopicId(topicId)
    .subscribe(client, null, processMessage);

Common Gotchas

1. Mirror node sync delay: After creating a topic, wait 3-5 seconds before subscribing. The mirror node needs time to index the new topic.

2. Chunk reassembly is automatic: When subscribing, you receive complete messages even if they were submitted as multiple chunks. The SDK handles reassembly.

3. No execute() for subscriptions: TopicMessageQuery uses .subscribe(), not .execute(). It returns a SubscriptionHandle, not a TransactionResponse.

4. Messages are immutable: Once submitted, messages cannot be edited or deleted. Design your message schema with this in mind.

5. Sequence numbers start at 1: The first message on a topic gets sequence number 1, not 0.

6. Submit key means access control: If you set a submit key, only holders of that key can post. Omit it for open topics.

7. String vs Uint8Array: setMessage() accepts both. Use Buffer.from(message.contents).toString("utf8") to decode on the subscriber side.

8. Cleanup: Always call handle.unsubscribe() when done, and client.close() when shutting down.

Reference Files

• references/api-reference.md — Complete list of all HCS classes with their methods and properties