JavaScript

Modern JS/TS patterns for ES2020+ with async code, safe property access, modern syntax.

When to Use

Use when:

• Writing JavaScript with ES2020+ features
• Refactoring legacy JS to modern syntax
• Implementing async operations (promises, async/await)
• Using destructuring, optional chaining, nullish coalescing

Don't use for TypeScript (typescript skill), React (react skill), or Node.js backend.

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Critical Patterns

✅ REQUIRED: ES Module Imports

// CORRECT: Named imports (explicit, tree-shakeable)
import { readFileSync, existsSync } from "fs";
import { join, resolve } from "path";

// CORRECT: Default import for modules with single export
import express from "express";

// WRONG: require() in ES modules
const fs = require("fs");

// WRONG: Dynamic import when static works
async function doWork() {
  const fs = await import("fs"); // unnecessary
}

✅ REQUIRED: No Dead Code

// WRONG: Unused variables and imports
import { something } from "./lib"; // never used
const unused = 42;
function neverCalled() {}

// CORRECT: Every import, variable, and function is used
import { needed } from "./lib";
const count = needed();

✅ REQUIRED: const/let, Never var

// CORRECT
const API_URL = "https://api.example.com";
let count = 0;

// WRONG: var (function-scoped, hoisting issues)
var count = 0;

✅ REQUIRED: async/await for Async Operations

// CORRECT
async function fetchData() {
  try {
    const response = await fetch(url);
    return await response.json();
  } catch (error) {
    console.error(error);
  }
}

// WRONG: promise chains
function fetchData() {
  return fetch(url)
    .then((res) => res.json())
    .catch((error) => console.error(error));
}

✅ REQUIRED: Optional Chaining and Nullish Coalescing

// CORRECT: safe access + nullish coalescing
const name = user?.profile?.name ?? "Anonymous";
const result = obj?.method?.();
const port = config.port ?? 3000; // 0 won't fallback

// WRONG: || treats 0, '', false as falsy
const port = config.port || 3000; // 0 fallbacks to 3000!

// WRONG: verbose manual checks
const name = (user && user.profile && user.profile.name) || "Anonymous";

✅ REQUIRED: Explicit Boolean Coercion

// CORRECT
const hasData = !!data;
const isValid = Boolean(value);

// WRONG: implicit coercion hides intent
if (data) { /* unclear: existence or truthiness? */ }

✅ REQUIRED: Promise.all for Parallel Operations

// CORRECT: parallel
const [users, posts, comments] = await Promise.all([
  fetchUsers(),
  fetchPosts(),
  fetchComments(),
]);

// WRONG: sequential (3x slower)
const users = await fetchUsers();
const posts = await fetchPosts();
const comments = await fetchComments();

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Decision Tree

Importing a module?
  → Named imports: import { x } from 'mod' — never require() in ES modules

Unused import/variable?
  → Delete it — no dead code

Async operation?
  → async/await with try/catch

String concatenation?
  → Template literals: Hello ${name}

Default value?
  → ?? for null/undefined; || for any falsy

Property might not exist?
  → Optional chaining: obj?.prop?.nested

Iterate array?
  → .map(), .filter(), .reduce() — use for...of for early breaks

Copy object/array?
  → Spread: {...obj}, [...arr]

Callback?
  → Arrow function unless this context is needed

Multiple independent awaits?
  → Promise.all() for parallel execution

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Example

const fetchData = async (url) => {
  try {
    const response = await fetch(url);
    const data = await response.json();
    return data?.results ?? [];
  } catch (error) {
    console.error("Fetch failed:", error);
    return [];
  }
};

const { name, age = 18 } = user;
const greeting = `Hello, ${name}!`;

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Edge Cases

• Parallel async: Promise.all() for concurrent execution
• Array holes: .filter(Boolean) to clean sparse arrays
• Number precision: Use decimal.js for financial calculations
• Equality: Always === (never ==)
• this binding: Arrow functions don't bind this

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Checklist

• ES module imports (import/export), no require()
• Named imports over namespace imports
• No unused imports, variables, or functions
• const/let only (no var)
• async/await with try/catch for async code
• ?. and ?? for safe access and defaults
• Promise.all() for independent parallel fetches
• === for all equality checks
• Template literals for string interpolation
• Destructuring for objects and arrays
• Arrow functions for callbacks
• Modern array methods (.map, .filter, .reduce)

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Resources

• https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript
• https://tc39.es/ecma262/