Evidence-Driven

A discipline overlay for the execution layer. Where goal-driven owns why and design-driven owns what shape, evidence-driven owns prove it works.

The thesis is one line: no progress claim survives without falsifiable evidence. Every State update, every Verify check-off, every "this is done" must carry an observation that could in principle have shown the opposite. A test that can't fail isn't evidence; a checklist run with no captured output isn't evidence; "I tried it and it seemed fine" isn't evidence.

Position in the layered stack

concept:         reframe           (what shape in a new paradigm; only when no precedent)
strategy:        goal-driven       (why; success criteria; when to STOP)
architecture:    design-driven     (what shape; module boundaries; mechanisms)
execution:       evidence-driven   (prove it works; falsifiability; rigor)
task tracking:   external          (issue tracker / TODO — operational layer)

The methodology layers are concurrent, not sequential. Information flows in both directions: build observations feed back to design (shape proposal), design adoptions feed back to goal (criterion check), reframe graduates settled skeletons into design once the concept stabilizes, and so on. Evidence-driven is the discipline that makes those upstream signals trustworthy — without it, every claim "the code works" is unfalsifiable and the whole feedback loop breaks down. Reframe (the concept layer) only enters the stack when the project is in unsettled paradigm territory; once it closes, the stack reverts to the three core layers.

Commands

Two entry points: one for project setup (one-time), one for applying the discipline to an actual task (per task).

• /evidence-driven init → Read and follow commands/init.md. One-time scaffolding: agent config snippet, optional pre-commit hooks, optional CI integration notes. No artifacts of its own.
• /evidence-driven [task description] → Apply the discipline to the named task (or ask for it, if no description given). Walks the workflow described in When invoked on a task below.

Why these two and nothing else. Unlike goal-driven and design-driven, evidence-driven has no phase boundaries — it's a discipline applied during work, not a periodic phase. Sub-actions like "plan", "verify", "write a test", "check rigor" are all moments inside the bare-invocation workflow, not separate commands. Users shouldn't have to choose which verb fits where; one entry point per task is the natural shape.

There is also no audit command. Evidence-quality drift surfaces during design-driven's audit when both skills are installed (it walks the same blueprints), or by ad-hoc user request. A dedicated periodic audit would manufacture phase boundaries the discipline doesn't have.

When to use this skill

Good fit:

• Production code paths with real users
• Regression-prone systems (large refactors, cross-cutting changes)
• Anything where an undetected bug has material cost (data loss, user-visible failures, security)
• Work that other agents or future-you will need to verify months later without context

Bad fit:

• Prototypes meant to be thrown away
• Exploratory spikes where the question is "is this approach viable" rather than "does this work correctly"
• One-off scripts that run once and are deleted
• Documentation-only changes (the discipline applies to behavior, not prose)
• Domains where the cost of test infrastructure exceeds the cost of occasional bugs (highly experimental research code, rapid prototyping contexts)

If you find yourself contorting work to fit the discipline, the work isn't a fit. Use a lighter approach and accept the tradeoff explicitly.

The four principles

1. Falsifiability is non-negotiable

Every Verify check-off needs an observation that could have failed. A test that passes regardless of the code under test is theater; a checklist item that's marked ✓ without a capture of what was checked is theater; "looks right to me" is theater.

Concrete falsifiability questions to ask before claiming done:

• Could this evidence have shown the opposite? If no, it's not evidence.
• What input would make this test fail? If you can't name one realistic case, the test isn't catching anything.
• If the implementation were silently wrong tomorrow, would this check catch it? If no, the check is decorative.

This principle is upstream of TDD specifically. TDD is one practical way to ensure falsifiability (you literally see the test fail before making it pass). But other forms can also satisfy the principle: a contract trace that demonstrates an end-to-end flow, a manual checklist where each item captures actual observed output, a known-good comparison. The form is flexible; the falsifiability isn't.

2. TDD as the default for code that can be unit-tested

When the work is code with deterministic inputs and outputs (most backend logic, pure functions, well-defined APIs), TDD is the strongest form of falsifiability:

1. Write a test that demonstrates the change you're about to make.
2. Run it. Confirm it fails — and fails for the right reason. (A test that fails because of a syntax error in the test isn't proving anything.)
3. Write the minimal code to make it pass.
4. Refactor with the test as a safety net.

Why TDD specifically: writing the test first forces you to think about the contract before the implementation. You can't write a test for a behavior you can't articulate, so vague work surfaces immediately.

When TDD doesn't fit:

• UI work where the verification is "does it look right" (use snapshot tests + visual review, with the visual review captured)
• Glue / integration code where mocking everything makes the test meaningless (use integration paths with capture)
• Throwaway exploration (skip the discipline; you're not in this skill's territory)
• Anything where setting up the test costs more than the bug it catches (judgment call; document the tradeoff)

The point of TDD is the falsifiability + design pressure it produces, not the ritual. If a different form gives you the same effect, use it.

3. State updates are evidence trail, not progress meter

Design-driven says: update State on every TODO check-off. Evidence- driven adds: what you write in State must be specific enough to be falsifiable later.

Anti-pattern (hollow State):

## State
- TODO 1 done
- TODO 2 done
- Working on TODO 3

This tells the next agent (or future-you) nothing. "Done" how? What changed? What's now true that wasn't before? An out-of-date hollow State is worse than no State.

Pattern (evidence-trail State):

## State
- TODO 1 done — added `limit: number` parameter to `query()` in
  store.ts:42; existing callers default to no limit (passes existing
  test suite, 14/14 pass)
- TODO 2 done — wired handler at routes.ts:88 calls `query({limit})`;
  manual test with curl showed expected JSON
- Working on TODO 3 — adding integration test that exercises limit=5

This is auditable: the next agent can re-run those checks, find the exact code locations, and verify each claim. State becomes evidence, not just progress signaling.

State needs a durable home. Design-driven's blueprint State section is the canonical surface, but other persistent locations work: an external task system's update field, a scratch markdown the agent maintains, a Notion or wiki page if that's the project's convention. The chat history is not a State surface — it doesn't survive session boundaries. If the task you're applying rigor to has no persistent surface available and the work won't fit in one session, either create one (the simplest move is suggesting design-driven to bootstrap a blueprint) or evidence-driven can't deliver on its own thesis. Better to admit that than to write "evidence" into chat that evaporates.

4. Anti-cargo-cult: the "would this have caught X" check

Tests can be written that pass but catch nothing. Common patterns:

• Asserting on the act of calling something rather than its effect (mocked-out test that confirms the mock was called)
• Coverage-driven tests that exercise code without checking results
• Tests that pass even after deleting the code under test

The check: before claiming a test as evidence, articulate what specific failure it catches. "This test catches the case where limit=0 returns everything instead of nothing." If you can't name the specific failure, the test isn't doing the work.

Same principle for non-test evidence: every checklist item, every manual capture, every trace should be tied to a specific risk it addresses. Generic "ran it and it worked" entries don't qualify.

When invoked on a task

/evidence-driven [task description] triggers a structured workflow. If no task description is given, ask the user what task to apply rigor to. Then walk Plan → Build → Verify, with TDD discipline and evidence-trail State.

Plan

In chat, produce four things:

1. Risks — what could fail in this code? Skim DESIGN.md if present for module-level constraints; consult any blueprint Scope for boundaries. Each risk is a concrete failure mode, not a category.
2. Tests / checks — for each risk, the specific test (or trace, or manual check) that catches it. Name the test and what failure it surfaces. Reuse blueprint Verification items if present.
3. TDD sequence — the order: which test to write first, which implementation step it drives, which test next. The sequence is the working contract for Build.
4. Evidence checklist for done — what observations confirm each Verify check. This is the rubric for the Verify step.

Confirm with the user before moving to Build. The plan is the working contract; if the user disagrees with the framing, this is where to surface it cheaply.

Build

Walk the TDD sequence from Plan, one step at a time:

1. Write the next test from the sequence
2. Run it; confirm it fails for the right reason (not a syntax error in the test itself)
3. Write the minimal code to make it pass
4. Run again; confirm pass
5. Update State (in blueprint if present, in chat otherwise) with what changed at what file:line, and which test now passes
6. Repeat for the next step

If a step reveals a flaw in the Plan (a missing risk, a wrong test sequencing), pause and update Plan before continuing. Don't silently deviate.

Verify

Walk the evidence checklist from Plan. Each item gets a concrete observation captured — test output, trace excerpt, manual run result. Naked check-offs are forbidden; if no observation supports an item, it's unclear, not ✓.

If a Verify item fails: the work isn't done. Either fix the implementation or surface a blocker. Don't claim done with an outstanding ✗.

Consuming context from design-driven

When design-driven is installed and the task has a blueprint:

• Skim DESIGN.md for the touched module's boundaries and constraints
• Read the blueprint in full — Approach, Scope, Verification, TODO, State are the working surface
• Skim relevant design/decisions/ if the task area has past decisions

Plan output augments the blueprint's Verification section in place — each existing check gets sub-bullets specifying test name, what failure each test catches, and the risk it covers. Example:

## Verification
### Behavior
- [ ] Returns paginated results (limit and offset honored)
  - Test: `test_pagination.py::test_limit_honored` — fails if limit
    silently ignored. Catches "limit param dropped at handler".
  - Test: `test_pagination.py::test_offset_honored` — fails if all
    pages return same first item.
- [ ] Returns empty array on out-of-range page
  - Test: `test_pagination.py::test_out_of_range` — fails if returns
    500 instead of empty array.

Don't change Approach, Scope, Design constraints, or TODO main items — those are design-driven's territory. Build phase TODOs may gain TDD sub-steps inline ("write test first / then implement") without restructuring the TODO list.

When no blueprint exists: Plan output stays in chat as the working contract — but only if the task fits in a single session. If the work spans sessions, the State and Plan need a durable home or they're lost on resume. Either suggest invoking design-driven to bootstrap a blueprint, or commit to keeping a scratch markdown the agent updates each session. Don't pretend chat is a persistence layer.

When design-driven isn't installed at all: Plan output goes wherever the project's task structure already lives (Linear comment, GitHub issue description, scratch markdown). The discipline doesn't require any specific artifact format — it requires a falsifiable contract somewhere durable. If no such surface exists and the task isn't single-session, evidence-driven is the wrong tool until one does.

With design-driven

Evidence-driven assumes design-driven's blueprint structure exists. The blueprint's Verify section defines what to check; evidence-driven defines how to check rigorously.

Concrete division of labor when both are installed:

Concern	Lives in
Blueprint format (TODO, State, Verify, Follow-ups sections)	design-driven
Falsifiable-Verify baseline + State-on-every-TODO baseline	design-driven (and independently restated in this skill's Principles 1 and 3, so evidence-driven works alone if design-driven isn't installed)
TDD cycle, evidence anti-patterns, cargo-cult guards	evidence-driven
State entry quality (specific, auditable, not hollow)	evidence-driven
What counts as "real" falsifiable evidence	evidence-driven
Pre-commit hooks / CI integration patterns	evidence-driven

Pattern: design-driven says "here's the artifact and the baseline rules"; evidence-driven says "here's how the rules become real discipline under pressure."

When design-driven isn't installed: evidence-driven still works as a discipline you bring to whatever task structure exists (Linear ticket, GitHub issue, a markdown checklist). The principles don't depend on blueprint format.

Handoff back to design-driven. An evidence finding that a class of bugs recurs because the shape is wrong (not the code implementing it) is a design proposal trigger — write a design/decisions/NNN-*.md, don't keep rewriting the same tests. evidence-driven catches symptoms; design-driven addresses root.

With reframe

Light, surgical overlap. Reframe is conceptual exploration, not execution — most of its phases (essence extraction, primitive listing, transfer learning, flesh planning) don't engage evidence-driven at all. But two phases borrow the discipline:

• Phase 4 — Skeleton Stress Test. Each "did the skeleton hold when this crutch was removed?" verdict is exactly the kind of claim that needs falsifiable evidence. "It held" without an observation is theater. The Stress Tests log entry should record the specific scenario probed and what behavior was (or would be) observed — not a summary judgment.
• Phase 7 — Comprehension Test. "Users understood the flow" is a claim that demands evidence at least as much as "the code works". The lightest credible artifact (narration / wireframe / mock / thin prototype) plus a captured user observation is the evidence pattern. "Looks intuitive to me" isn't.

When reframe and evidence-driven are both installed, the concept document's Stress Tests and Comprehension Tests entries should follow this skill's rule: every verdict cites the observation that could have shown the opposite. This carries forward when the concept graduates into design-driven — those captured observations become the seed for the blueprint's Verification section.

Handoff direction is always concept → design → evidence → code. Evidence-driven doesn't read or write concepts/ files; it just raises the signal-to-noise ratio of the verdicts inside them.

With goal-driven

Indirect — through design-driven. Evidence-driven doesn't read goals/GOAL.md and doesn't write to goals/record*. Its loop is the build/verify cycle, which lives below the strategic layer.

But: evidence-driven's discipline makes the upward feedback loop trustworthy. When build observations should trigger a design proposal or a goal STOP, those observations are only credible if they have evidence behind them. A "naked" State claim ("this approach isn't working") propagates much less reliably than an evidenced one ("approach X measured P95 720ms across three storage backends; below is the trace").

So while there's no direct cross-reference, evidence-driven raises the signal-to-noise ratio of the cross-skill feedback channels.

Handoff back to goal-driven. An evidence finding that a criterion fails its spirit even when the literal threshold is met — latency hits the target number but tail-latency is bad UX, coverage hits 90% but production bugs keep shipping — is a goal-level question, not an evidence-quality one. Surface as a Type A STOP candidate; the criterion may need restating.

When to skip

• Prototypes / spikes where the question is viability, not correctness
• Throwaway code that won't survive the week
• Documentation-only PRs
• Highly experimental research where rigid discipline kills iteration
• Solo work on personal projects where you accept the tradeoff explicitly

The discipline has a real cost. Don't apply it where the cost exceeds the value, and don't apologize for skipping it in those cases. Use the right tool for the job.

A test of the principle

Before you claim a piece of work is done, ask:

If a future agent — or future-you, six months later — reads only what I've written, can they tell whether this actually works?

If the answer is "they'd have to take my word for it", the discipline hasn't been applied. Either add evidence, or admit the work isn't done yet.

This question is the heart of the skill. Everything else is a way of making that question easy to answer "yes".