Performing Cloud Asset Inventory with Cartography

Overview

Cartography is a CNCF sandbox project (originally created at Lyft) that consolidates infrastructure assets and their relationships into a Neo4j graph database. It queries cloud APIs to discover resources, maps relationships between them, and enables security teams to identify attack paths, generate asset reports, and find areas for security improvement. The graph model reveals hidden connections such as IAM permission chains, network paths, and cross-account trust relationships.

Prerequisites

Python 3.8+
Neo4j 4.x or 5.x database
Cloud provider credentials (AWS, GCP, Azure)
Docker (optional, for Neo4j deployment)
Minimum 4GB RAM for Neo4j, more for large environments

Installation

# Install Cartography
pip install cartography

# Verify installation
cartography --help

Deploy Neo4j with Docker

docker run -d \
  --name neo4j \
  -p 7474:7474 -p 7687:7687 \
  -e NEO4J_AUTH=neo4j/changethispassword \
  -e NEO4J_PLUGINS='["apoc"]' \
  -v neo4j_data:/data \
  neo4j:5-community

Running Cartography

Basic AWS Sync

# Sync AWS account data to Neo4j
cartography \
  --neo4j-uri bolt://localhost:7687 \
  --neo4j-user neo4j \
  --neo4j-password-env-var NEO4J_PASSWORD

Sync specific AWS modules

cartography \
  --neo4j-uri bolt://localhost:7687 \
  --neo4j-user neo4j \
  --neo4j-password-env-var NEO4J_PASSWORD \
  --aws-sync-all-profiles

GCP Sync

cartography \
  --neo4j-uri bolt://localhost:7687 \
  --neo4j-user neo4j \
  --neo4j-password-env-var NEO4J_PASSWORD \
  --gcp-requested-syncs compute iam storage

Security-Focused Cypher Queries

Find all S3 buckets with public access

MATCH (b:S3Bucket)
WHERE b.anonymous_access = true
   OR b.anonymous_actions IS NOT NULL
RETURN b.name, b.anonymous_actions, b.region, b.arn
ORDER BY b.name

Identify IAM users with admin policies

MATCH (user:AWSUser)-[:POLICY]->(policy:AWSPolicy)
WHERE policy.name = 'AdministratorAccess'
   OR policy.arn CONTAINS 'AdministratorAccess'
RETURN user.name, user.arn, policy.name, user.password_last_used

Find EC2 instances exposed to internet

MATCH (instance:EC2Instance)-[:MEMBER_OF_EC2_SECURITY_GROUP]->(sg:EC2SecurityGroup)
      -[:MEMBER_OF_EC2_SECURITY_GROUP_RULE]->(rule:IpRule)
WHERE rule.fromport <= 22 AND rule.toport >= 22
  AND rule.protocol IN ['tcp', '-1']
  AND '0.0.0.0/0' IN rule.ipranges
RETURN instance.instanceid, instance.publicipaddress, sg.groupid, sg.name

Discover cross-account trust relationships

MATCH (role:AWSRole)-[:TRUSTS_AWS_PRINCIPAL]->(principal:AWSPrincipal)
WHERE principal.arn CONTAINS ':root'
  AND NOT principal.arn CONTAINS role.accountid
RETURN role.arn, role.name, principal.arn AS trusted_account
ORDER BY role.name

Find attack path from public EC2 to sensitive S3

MATCH path = (instance:EC2Instance)-[:STS_ASSUME_ROLE_ALLOWS|MEMBER_OF_EC2_SECURITY_GROUP|
  POLICY|INSTANCE_PROFILE*1..5]->(bucket:S3Bucket)
WHERE instance.publicipaddress IS NOT NULL
  AND bucket.name CONTAINS 'sensitive'
RETURN path
LIMIT 25

Identify unused IAM roles

MATCH (role:AWSRole)
WHERE role.last_used IS NULL
   OR role.last_used < datetime().epochMillis - (90 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)
RETURN role.name, role.arn, role.last_used
ORDER BY role.last_used

Find Lambda functions with overprivileged roles

MATCH (func:AWSLambda)-[:STS_ASSUME_ROLE_ALLOWS]->(role:AWSRole)-[:POLICY]->(policy:AWSPolicy)
WHERE policy.name = 'AdministratorAccess'
RETURN func.name, func.arn, role.name, policy.name

Network path analysis

MATCH (vpc:AWSVpc)-[:RESOURCE]->(subnet:EC2Subnet)-[:MEMBER_OF_SUBNET]->(instance:EC2Instance)
WHERE instance.publicipaddress IS NOT NULL
RETURN vpc.id, subnet.subnetid, subnet.cidr_block, instance.instanceid,
       instance.publicipaddress, instance.state

Scheduling Regular Syncs

Cron-based sync

# Add to crontab - sync every 6 hours
0 */6 * * * /usr/local/bin/cartography \
  --neo4j-uri bolt://localhost:7687 \
  --neo4j-user neo4j \
  --neo4j-password-env-var NEO4J_PASSWORD \
  >> /var/log/cartography/sync.log 2>&1

Docker Compose deployment

version: '3.8'
services:
  neo4j:
    image: neo4j:5-community
    ports:
      - "7474:7474"
      - "7687:7687"
    environment:
      NEO4J_AUTH: neo4j/securepwd123
      NEO4J_PLUGINS: '["apoc"]'
      NEO4J_dbms_memory_heap_max__size: 4G
    volumes:
      - neo4j_data:/data

  cartography:
    image: ghcr.io/cartography-cncf/cartography:latest
    depends_on:
      - neo4j
    environment:
      NEO4J_PASSWORD: securepwd123
      AWS_DEFAULT_REGION: us-east-1
    command: >
      --neo4j-uri bolt://neo4j:7687
      --neo4j-user neo4j
      --neo4j-password-env-var NEO4J_PASSWORD

volumes:
  neo4j_data:

Data Model Overview

Key Node Types

AWSAccount, GCPProject, AzureSubscription
EC2Instance, S3Bucket, RDSInstance, AWSLambda
AWSUser, AWSRole, AWSGroup, AWSPolicy
EC2SecurityGroup, EC2Subnet, AWSVpc
GCPInstance, GCSBucket, GCPRole

Key Relationship Types

RESOURCE: Account owns resource
POLICY: Principal has policy attached
STS_ASSUME_ROLE_ALLOWS: Principal can assume role
MEMBER_OF_EC2_SECURITY_GROUP: Instance belongs to SG
TRUSTS_AWS_PRINCIPAL: Cross-account trust

References

Cartography GitHub: https://github.com/cartography-cncf/cartography
Cartography Documentation: https://cartography.dev
CNCF Sandbox Project
Neo4j Cypher Query Language Reference

performing-cloud-asset-inventory-with-cartography