Performing Kubernetes CIS Benchmark with kube-bench

Overview

kube-bench is an open-source Go tool by Aqua Security that runs the CIS Kubernetes Benchmark checks. It verifies control plane, etcd, worker node, and policy configurations against security best practices, producing actionable pass/fail/warn reports.

Prerequisites

• Kubernetes cluster (v1.24+)
• kubectl with cluster-admin access
• Node access for direct runs or privileged pod access

Installation

# Binary installation
curl -L https://github.com/aquasecurity/kube-bench/releases/download/v0.7.3/kube-bench_0.7.3_linux_amd64.tar.gz | tar xz
sudo mv kube-bench /usr/local/bin/

# Run as Kubernetes Job
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/aquasecurity/kube-bench/main/job.yaml
kubectl logs job/kube-bench

# Run as a pod with host access
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/aquasecurity/kube-bench/main/job-master.yaml
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/aquasecurity/kube-bench/main/job-node.yaml

Running Benchmarks

Full Benchmark

# Run all checks (auto-detects node type)
kube-bench run

# Run with JSON output
kube-bench run --json > kube-bench-results.json

# Run with JUnit output for CI
kube-bench run --junit > kube-bench-results.xml

Component-Specific Checks

# Control plane (master) checks
kube-bench run --targets master

# Worker node checks
kube-bench run --targets node

# etcd checks
kube-bench run --targets etcd

# Policies checks
kube-bench run --targets policies

# Control plane + etcd
kube-bench run --targets master,etcd

Managed Kubernetes

# Amazon EKS
kube-bench run --benchmark eks-1.2.0

# Google GKE
kube-bench run --benchmark gke-1.4.0

# Azure AKS
kube-bench run --benchmark aks-1.0

# Red Hat OpenShift
kube-bench run --benchmark rh-1.0

Filtering Results

# Show only failures
kube-bench run --targets master | grep "\[FAIL\]"

# Run specific check
kube-bench run --check 1.2.1

# Run check group
kube-bench run --group 1.2

CIS Benchmark Sections

Section	Component	Key Checks
1.1	Control Plane - API Server	Anonymous auth, RBAC, audit logging
1.2	Control Plane - API Server	Admission controllers, encryption
1.3	Control Plane - Controller Manager	Service account tokens, bind address
1.4	Control Plane - Scheduler	Profiling, bind address
2.1	etcd	Client cert auth, peer encryption
3.1	Control Plane - Authentication	OIDC, client certs
4.1	Worker - kubelet	Anonymous auth, authorization
4.2	Worker - kubelet	TLS, read-only port
5.1	Policies - RBAC	Cluster-admin usage, service accounts
5.2	Policies - Pod Security	Privileged, host namespaces
5.3	Policies - Network	Network policies per namespace
5.7	Policies - General	Secrets, security context

Output Example

[INFO] 1 Control Plane Security Configuration
[INFO] 1.1 Control Plane Node Configuration Files
[PASS] 1.1.1 Ensure that the API server pod specification file permissions are set to 600
[PASS] 1.1.2 Ensure that the API server pod specification file ownership is set to root:root
[FAIL] 1.1.3 Ensure that the controller manager pod specification file permissions are set to 600
[WARN] 1.1.4 Ensure that the scheduler pod specification file permissions are set to 600

== Summary ==
45 checks PASS
12 checks FAIL
8 checks WARN
0 checks INFO

CI/CD Integration

GitHub Actions

name: CIS Benchmark
on:
  schedule:
    - cron: '0 6 * * 1'

jobs:
  kube-bench:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Configure kubectl
        uses: azure/setup-kubectl@v3

      - name: Run kube-bench
        run: |
          kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/aquasecurity/kube-bench/main/job.yaml
          kubectl wait --for=condition=complete job/kube-bench --timeout=120s
          kubectl logs job/kube-bench > kube-bench-report.txt

      - name: Check for failures
        run: |
          FAILS=$(grep -c "\[FAIL\]" kube-bench-report.txt || true)
          echo "Failed checks: $FAILS"
          if [ "$FAILS" -gt 0 ]; then
            echo "::warning::$FAILS CIS benchmark checks failed"
          fi

      - name: Upload report
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: kube-bench-report
          path: kube-bench-report.txt

Remediation Examples

1.2.1 - Ensure --anonymous-auth is set to false

# /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml
spec:
  containers:
  - command:
    - kube-apiserver
    - --anonymous-auth=false

4.2.1 - Ensure --anonymous-auth is set to false on kubelet

# /var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml
authentication:
  anonymous:
    enabled: false
  webhook:
    enabled: true

5.2.1 - Minimize wildcard RBAC

# Find roles with wildcard permissions
kubectl get clusterroles -o json | jq '.items[] | select(.rules[].resources[] == "*") | .metadata.name'

Best Practices

1. Run kube-bench before and after cluster provisioning
2. Schedule weekly scans via CronJob for drift detection
3. Export JSON for SIEM/compliance reporting
4. Fix FAIL items first, then address WARN items
5. Use benchmark profiles matching your Kubernetes distribution
6. Track score over time to measure security posture improvement
7. Combine with admission controllers to prevent drift