Ubuntu 25.10+ Knowledge Patch

Claude's baseline knowledge covers Ubuntu through 24.04 LTS Noble Numbat. This skill provides changes from 25.10 Questing Quokka (2025-10-09) onwards.

Breaking Changes Quick Reference

What Changed	Old	New (25.10+)
sudo	GNU sudo	sudo-rs (Rust); originals renamed .ws
Core utilities	GNU coreutils	rust-coreutils v0.2.2; GNU as fallback
APT solver	Legacy solver	New solver default; apt why / apt why-not
wget on server	Pre-installed	Removed; use wcurl $URL instead
Time daemon	systemd-timesyncd	Chrony with NTS on port 4460/tcp
OpenSSH	9.x	10.0 — post-quantum key exchange, DSA removed
OpenSSL	3.x	3.5 — ML-KEM, ML-DSA, SLH-DSA; QUIC support
Valkey/Redis compat	valkey-redis-compat	Removed — swap to Valkey before upgrading
Desktop session	X.org + Wayland	Wayland-only; X.org session removed
Terminal multiplexers	byobu in main, screen in server seed	byobu demoted to universe, screen removed

sudo-rs Is the Default

sudo-rs (Rust rewrite) replaces GNU sudo. Original binaries renamed with .ws suffix:

sudo-rs   # now /usr/bin/sudo
sudo.ws   # original GNU sudo (if installed)
visudo    # now sudo-rs visudo
visudo.ws # original GNU visudo

Breaking: sudo-ldap package removed. Use LDAP authentication via PAM modules instead.

See references/system-defaults.md for migration details.

rust-coreutils Is the Default

Core utilities now provided by rust-coreutils (v0.2.2). GNU coreutils remain as fallback.

Not yet fully compatible — if scripts break on edge cases, check the diversions list:

# See which commands have GNU fallbacks available
dpkg-divert --list | grep coreutils

# Explicitly call GNU version if needed
/usr/bin/gnu-<command>

APT 3.1

New solver is now the default. New diagnostic commands:

apt why <pkg>           # explain why a package is installed/needed
apt why-not <pkg>       # explain why a package cannot be installed
apt history-list        # query apt history (preview)
apt history-info <id>   # detailed history entry

Repo restriction directives in DEB822 sources format:

Types: deb
URIs: http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu
Suites: questing-security
Components: main
Include: linux-image-*, openssl, openssh-*

Types: deb
URIs: http://ppa.launchpad.net/...
Suites: questing
Components: main
Exclude: python3-core, libc6

See references/system-defaults.md for full APT 3.1 details.

wget Removed from Server

wget no longer pre-installed on server images. Use wcurl (ships with curl):

wcurl $URL              # drop-in replacement for simple wget downloads

For Dockerfiles and provisioning scripts, either install wget explicitly or migrate to wcurl/curl.

Chrony Replaces systemd-timesyncd

Chrony is the new default time daemon with NTS (Network Time Security) enabled by default on port 4460/tcp.

If the network blocks NTS, revert to plain NTP:

# /etc/chrony/sources.d/ubuntu-ntp-pools.sources
# Remove NTS directives, use standard NTP pool entries:
pool ntp.ubuntu.com iburst

Verify NTS status:

chronyc -n authdata # show NTS authentication status per source
chronyc sources -v  # show time sources with verbose info

Ensure port 4460/tcp outbound is open for NTS. Fallback to NTP uses port 123/udp.

OpenSSH 10.0

Key changes:

• Hybrid post-quantum key agreement enabled by default
• DSA signature algorithm removed entirely — migrate to Ed25519 or ECDSA
• Version string: SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_10.0 — do NOT match on OpenSSH_1*

# Broken pattern (misses 10.0+):
grep 'OpenSSH_[0-9]\.'

# Fixed pattern:
grep 'OpenSSH_[0-9]\+\.'

New sshd_config features:

# Glob patterns in key/principal files
AuthorizedKeysFile /etc/ssh/authorized_keys.d/*.pub

# New Match criteria
Match version SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_10.*
Match sessiontype shell
Match command scp*

See references/security-and-crypto.md for full details.

OpenSSL 3.5 — Post-Quantum Cryptography

Algorithm	Type	Standard	Purpose
ML-KEM (Kyber)	KEM	FIPS 203	Key encapsulation / key exchange
ML-DSA (Dilithium)	Signature	FIPS 204	Digital signatures
SLH-DSA (SPHINCS+)	Signature	FIPS 205	Stateless hash-based signatures

• Default TLS groups include and prefer hybrid PQC KEM groups
• Server-side QUIC support (RFC 9000)
• No configuration needed — PQC is active out of the box

See references/security-and-crypto.md for algorithm details.

Valkey No Longer a Redis Drop-In

Redis updated to 8.0. The valkey-redis-compat compatibility package is removed.

Swap from Redis to Valkey before upgrading to 25.10, or migrate to Redis 8.0 API directly. After the upgrade, the compatibility shim is gone and applications using Redis client libraries will not automatically connect to Valkey.

See references/package-updates.md for migration options.

Wayland-Only Desktop

X.org session removed entirely. GNOME Shell can no longer run as an X.org session. Applications relying on X11-specific features need XWayland (installed by default). Screen sharing, remote desktop, and accessibility tools should be verified for Wayland compatibility.

Other Notable Changes

Package	Version	Notes
Nginx	1.28	HTTP/3 and QUIC improvements, SSL cert caching
Containerd	2.1.3
Docker	28.2
Zig	0.14.1	First time available in Ubuntu repos

• byobu demoted to universe; screen removed from server seed — use tmux instead

Reference Files

File	Contents
security-and-crypto.md	OpenSSH 10.0 config examples, OpenSSL 3.5 PQC algorithms, Chrony NTS verification
system-defaults.md	sudo-rs migration, rust-coreutils compatibility, APT 3.1 repo directives, wget removal, Wayland-only desktop
package-updates.md	Valkey/Redis migration paths, Nginx 1.28, container runtime versions, Zig availability