dotnet-msix

MSIX packaging pipeline for .NET desktop applications: package creation from csproj (WindowsPackageType) and WAP projects, certificate signing (self-signed for development, trusted CA for production, Microsoft Store signing), distribution channels (Microsoft Store submission, App Installer sideloading, enterprise deployment via SCCM/Intune), auto-update configuration (App Installer XML, version checking, differential updates), MSIX bundle format for multi-architecture (.msixbundle), and CI/CD MSIX build steps.

Version assumptions: Windows App SDK 1.6+ (current stable). Windows 10 build 19041+ minimum for MSIX with Windows App SDK. Windows 10 build 1709+ for App Installer auto-update protocol. .NET 8.0+ baseline.

Scope

• Package creation from csproj and WAP projects
• Certificate signing (self-signed, trusted CA, Store signing)
• Microsoft Store submission workflow
• App Installer sideloading and auto-update configuration
• MSIX bundle format for multi-architecture
• CI/CD MSIX build steps

Out of scope

• WinUI 3 project setup and MSIX vs unpackaged comparison -- see [skill:dotnet-winui]
• Native AOT MSBuild configuration -- see [skill:dotnet-native-aot]
• General CI/CD pipeline patterns -- see [skill:dotnet-gha-patterns] and [skill:dotnet-ado-patterns]
• General NuGet packaging -- see [skill:dotnet-nuget-authoring]
• Container-based deployment -- see [skill:dotnet-containers]

Cross-references: [skill:dotnet-winui] for WinUI project setup and packaging mode comparison, [skill:dotnet-native-aot] for AOT + MSIX scenarios, [skill:dotnet-gha-patterns] for CI pipeline structure, [skill:dotnet-ado-patterns] for ADO pipeline structure, [skill:dotnet-nuget-authoring] for NuGet packaging.

---

MSIX Package Creation

From csproj (Single-Project Packaging)

Modern WinUI 3 and Windows App SDK apps can produce MSIX packages directly from the application .csproj without a separate Windows Application Packaging (WAP) project.

<!-- MyApp.csproj -->
<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
  <PropertyGroup>
    <OutputType>WinExe</OutputType>
    <TargetFramework>net8.0-windows10.0.19041.0</TargetFramework>
    <UseWinUI>true</UseWinUI>

    <!-- MSIX packaging mode -->
    <WindowsPackageType>MSIX</WindowsPackageType>

    <!-- Package identity -->
    <AppxPackageDir>$(SolutionDir)AppPackages\</AppxPackageDir>
    <GenerateAppxPackageOnBuild>false</GenerateAppxPackageOnBuild>
  </PropertyGroup>
</Project>

Build the MSIX package:

# Build MSIX package
dotnet publish --configuration Release --runtime win-x64 \
  /p:GenerateAppxPackageOnBuild=true \
  /p:AppxPackageSigningEnabled=false

# Output: AppPackages\MyApp_1.0.0.0_x64.msix

WAP Project (Desktop Bridge)

For non-WinUI desktop apps (WPF, WinForms), use a Windows Application Packaging Project to wrap the existing app as MSIX. WAP projects (.wapproj) are created via the Visual Studio "Windows Application Packaging Project" template -- they use a specialized project format, not the standard Microsoft.NET.Sdk.

The key configuration is referencing the desktop app project:

<!-- MyApp.Package.wapproj (created via VS template) -->
<!-- Key elements in the generated .wapproj file: -->
<ItemGroup>
  <!-- Reference the desktop app project to include in MSIX -->
  <ProjectReference Include="..\MyWpfApp\MyWpfApp.csproj" />
</ItemGroup>

<!-- Set target platform versions in the .wapproj PropertyGroup -->
<PropertyGroup>
  <TargetPlatformVersion>10.0.22621.0</TargetPlatformVersion>
  <TargetPlatformMinVersion>10.0.19041.0</TargetPlatformMinVersion>
  <DefaultLanguage>en-US</DefaultLanguage>
  <AppxPackageDir>$(SolutionDir)AppPackages\</AppxPackageDir>
</PropertyGroup>

Package.appxmanifest

The manifest defines identity, capabilities, and visual assets:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<Package xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/appx/manifest/foundation/windows10"
         xmlns:uap="http://schemas.microsoft.com/appx/manifest/uap/windows10"
         xmlns:rescap="http://schemas.microsoft.com/appx/manifest/foundation/windows10/restrictedcapabilities"
         IgnorableNamespaces="uap rescap">

  <Identity Name="MyCompany.MyApp"
            Publisher="CN=My Company, O=My Company, L=Seattle, S=WA, C=US"
            Version="1.0.0.0"
            ProcessorArchitecture="x64" />

  <Properties>
    <DisplayName>My App</DisplayName>
    <PublisherDisplayName>My Company</PublisherDisplayName>
    <Logo>Assets\StoreLogo.png</Logo>
  </Properties>

  <Dependencies>
    <TargetDeviceFamily Name="Windows.Desktop"
                        MinVersion="10.0.19041.0"
                        MaxVersionTested="10.0.22621.0" />
  </Dependencies>

  <Resources>
    <Resource Language="en-us" />
  </Resources>

  <Applications>
    <Application Id="App"
                 Executable="MyApp.exe"
                 EntryPoint="$targetentrypoint$">
      <uap:VisualElements DisplayName="My App"
                          Description="My application description"
                          BackgroundColor="transparent"
                          Square150x150Logo="Assets\Square150x150Logo.png"
                          Square44x44Logo="Assets\Square44x44Logo.png">
        <uap:DefaultTile Wide310x150Logo="Assets\Wide310x150Logo.png" />
      </uap:VisualElements>
    </Application>
  </Applications>

  <Capabilities>
    <Capability Name="internetClient" />
    <rescap:Capability Name="runFullTrust" />
  </Capabilities>
</Package>

---

Signing with Certificates

All MSIX packages must be signed to install on Windows. The signing certificate's Subject must match the Publisher attribute in the package manifest.

Self-Signed Certificate (Development)

# Create a self-signed certificate for development
$cert = New-SelfSignedCertificate `
  -Type Custom `
  -Subject "CN=My Company, O=My Company, L=Seattle, S=WA, C=US" `
  -KeyUsage DigitalSignature `
  -FriendlyName "MyApp Dev Signing" `
  -CertStoreLocation "Cert:\CurrentUser\My" `
  -TextExtension @("2.5.29.37={text}1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.3", `
                    "2.5.29.19={text}")

# Export PFX for CI usage
$password = ConvertTo-SecureString -String "$env:CERT_PASSWORD" -Force -AsPlainText
Export-PfxCertificate -Cert $cert `
  -FilePath "MyApp_DevSigning.pfx" `
  -Password $password

# Find signtool.exe dynamically (SDK version varies by machine)
$signtool = Get-ChildItem "C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\10\bin\*\x64\signtool.exe" |
  Sort-Object { [version]($_.Directory.Parent.Name) } -Descending |
  Select-Object -First 1 -ExpandProperty FullName

# Sign the MSIX package
& $signtool sign /fd SHA256 /a /f "MyApp_DevSigning.pfx" `
  /p "$env:CERT_PASSWORD" `
  "AppPackages\MyApp_1.0.0.0_x64.msix"

Trusted CA Certificate (Production)

For production distribution outside the Microsoft Store:

1. Obtain a code signing certificate from a trusted CA (DigiCert, Sectigo, GlobalSign)
2. Subject must match the Publisher in Package.appxmanifest
3. Timestamp the signature for long-term validity

# Sign with a trusted CA certificate (from certificate store)
& signtool.exe sign /fd SHA256 /sha1 "THUMBPRINT_HERE" `
  /tr http://timestamp.digicert.com /td SHA256 `
  "AppPackages\MyApp_1.0.0.0_x64.msix"

# Sign with a PFX file
& signtool.exe sign /fd SHA256 /f "production-cert.pfx" `
  /p "$env:CERT_PASSWORD" `
  /tr http://timestamp.digicert.com /td SHA256 `
  "AppPackages\MyApp_1.0.0.0_x64.msix"

Microsoft Store Signing

Apps submitted to the Microsoft Store are re-signed by Microsoft during ingestion. The development signing certificate is replaced with a Microsoft-issued certificate. No production signing certificate is needed for Store-only distribution.

<!-- For Store submission, use a test certificate during development -->
<PropertyGroup>
  <AppxPackageSigningEnabled>true</AppxPackageSigningEnabled>
  <PackageCertificateThumbprint>AUTO_GENERATED_BY_VS</PackageCertificateThumbprint>
</PropertyGroup>

Certificate Requirements Summary

Distribution	Certificate Type	Trusted CA Required
Development/testing	Self-signed	No (install cert manually)
Enterprise sideload	Self-signed or internal CA	No (deploy cert via Group Policy)
Direct download	Trusted CA (DigiCert, etc.)	Yes
Microsoft Store	Test cert (re-signed by MS)	No

---

Distribution Channels

Microsoft Store Submission

1. Register as a Windows developer at the Partner Center (https://partner.microsoft.com/dashboard)
2. Create an app reservation to secure the app name
3. Build the MSIX package with Store association:

# Build for Store submission (creates .msixupload)
dotnet publish --configuration Release --runtime win-x64 \
  /p:GenerateAppxPackageOnBuild=true \
  /p:UapAppxPackageBuildMode=StoreUpload \
  /p:AppxBundle=Auto

4. Submit the .msixupload file through Partner Center
5. Microsoft validates, signs, and publishes the app

App Installer Sideloading

App Installer (.appinstaller) enables direct distribution with auto-update support. Host the files on a web server, network share, or CDN.

<!-- MyApp.appinstaller -->
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<AppInstaller Uri="https://mycompany.com/apps/MyApp.appinstaller"
              Version="1.0.0.0"
              xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/appx/appinstaller/2021">

  <MainPackage Name="MyCompany.MyApp"
               Version="1.0.0.0"
               Publisher="CN=My Company, O=My Company, L=Seattle, S=WA, C=US"
               ProcessorArchitecture="x64"
               Uri="https://mycompany.com/apps/MyApp_1.0.0.0_x64.msix" />

  <UpdateSettings>
    <OnLaunch HoursBetweenUpdateChecks="12"
              ShowPrompt="true"
              UpdateBlocksActivation="false" />
    <AutomaticBackgroundTask />
    <ForceUpdateFromAnyVersion>false</ForceUpdateFromAnyVersion>
  </UpdateSettings>
</AppInstaller>

Users install via:

ms-appinstaller:?source=https://mycompany.com/apps/MyApp.appinstaller

Enterprise Deployment

For managed enterprise environments:

Method	Tool	Best For
Microsoft Intune	Intune portal	Cloud-managed devices
SCCM/MECM	Configuration Manager	On-premises managed devices
Group Policy	DISM / PowerShell	Domain-joined devices
PowerShell	Add-AppxPackage	Script-based deployment

# Enterprise deployment via PowerShell
Add-AppxPackage -Path "\\fileserver\apps\MyApp_1.0.0.0_x64.msix"

# Install for all users (requires admin)
Add-AppxProvisionedPackage -Online `
  -PackagePath "MyApp_1.0.0.0_x64.msix" `
  -SkipLicense

---

Auto-Update Configuration

App Installer Auto-Update (Windows 10 1709+)

The App Installer XML file controls automatic update behavior:

<UpdateSettings>
  <!-- Check for updates on app launch -->
  <OnLaunch HoursBetweenUpdateChecks="12"
            ShowPrompt="true"
            UpdateBlocksActivation="false" />

  <!-- Background update check (Windows 10 1803+) -->
  <AutomaticBackgroundTask />

  <!-- Allow downgrade (useful for rollback scenarios) -->
  <ForceUpdateFromAnyVersion>false</ForceUpdateFromAnyVersion>
</UpdateSettings>

Setting	Description
HoursBetweenUpdateChecks	Minimum hours between update checks (0 = every launch)
ShowPrompt	Show update dialog to user before updating
UpdateBlocksActivation	Block app launch until update completes
AutomaticBackgroundTask	Check for updates in background without launching
ForceUpdateFromAnyVersion	Allow updating from any version (including downgrades)

Programmatic Update Check (Windows App SDK)

For apps that need custom update UI or logic, use Package.Current.CheckUpdateAvailabilityAsync():

using Windows.ApplicationModel;

public class AppUpdateService
{
    public async Task<bool> CheckForUpdatesAsync()
    {
        var result = await Package.Current.CheckUpdateAvailabilityAsync();
        return result.Availability == PackageUpdateAvailability.Available
            || result.Availability == PackageUpdateAvailability.Required;
    }
}

Differential Updates

MSIX supports differential updates -- only changed blocks are downloaded. This is automatic when:

• The same PackageName and Publisher are used
• The Version is incremented
• Both old and new packages are hosted on the same server

No additional configuration is needed for differential updates.

---

MSIX Bundle Format

MSIX bundles (.msixbundle) package multiple architecture-specific MSIX packages into a single downloadable artifact. Windows automatically installs the correct architecture.

Creating a Bundle

# Build for multiple architectures
dotnet publish -c Release -r win-x64 /p:GenerateAppxPackageOnBuild=true
dotnet publish -c Release -r win-arm64 /p:GenerateAppxPackageOnBuild=true

# Find MakeAppx.exe dynamically (SDK version varies by machine)
$makeappx = Get-ChildItem "C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\10\bin\*\x64\MakeAppx.exe" |
  Sort-Object { [version]($_.Directory.Parent.Name) } -Descending |
  Select-Object -First 1 -ExpandProperty FullName

# Create bundle
& $makeappx bundle /d "AppPackages" /p "MyApp_1.0.0.0.msixbundle"

MSBuild Bundle Generation

<PropertyGroup>
  <!-- Auto-generate bundle during build -->
  <AppxBundle>Always</AppxBundle>
  <AppxBundlePlatforms>x64|arm64</AppxBundlePlatforms>
</PropertyGroup>

Bundle Layout

MyApp_1.0.0.0.msixbundle
  MyApp_1.0.0.0_x64.msix
  MyApp_1.0.0.0_arm64.msix

---

CI/CD MSIX Build Steps

GitHub Actions MSIX Build

# MSIX-specific build steps (embed in your CI workflow)
# For pipeline structure, see [skill:dotnet-gha-patterns]
jobs:
  build-msix:
    runs-on: windows-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Setup .NET
        uses: actions/setup-dotnet@v4
        with:
          dotnet-version: '8.0.x'

      - name: Decode signing certificate
        run: |
          $pfxBytes = [System.Convert]::FromBase64String("${{ secrets.SIGNING_CERT_BASE64 }}")
          [System.IO.File]::WriteAllBytes("signing-cert.pfx", $pfxBytes)
        shell: pwsh

      - name: Build MSIX package
        run: |
          dotnet publish --configuration Release --runtime win-x64 `
            /p:GenerateAppxPackageOnBuild=true `
            /p:AppxPackageSigningEnabled=true `
            /p:PackageCertificateKeyFile="${{ github.workspace }}\signing-cert.pfx" `
            /p:PackageCertificatePassword="${{ secrets.CERT_PASSWORD }}"
        shell: pwsh

      - name: Upload MSIX artifact
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: msix-package
          path: AppPackages/**/*.msix

      - name: Clean up certificate
        if: always()
        run: Remove-Item -Path "signing-cert.pfx" -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
        shell: pwsh

Azure DevOps MSIX Build

# MSIX-specific build steps (embed in your ADO pipeline)
# For pipeline structure, see [skill:dotnet-ado-patterns]
steps:
  - task: UseDotNet@2
    inputs:
      packageType: 'sdk'
      version: '8.0.x'

  - task: DownloadSecureFile@1
    name: signingCert
    inputs:
      secureFile: 'signing-cert.pfx'

  - task: DotNetCoreCLI@2
    displayName: 'Build MSIX'
    inputs:
      command: 'publish'
      publishWebProjects: false
      projects: '**/MyApp.csproj'
      arguments: >-
        --configuration Release
        --runtime win-x64
        /p:GenerateAppxPackageOnBuild=true
        /p:AppxPackageSigningEnabled=true
        /p:PackageCertificateKeyFile=$(signingCert.secureFilePath)
        /p:PackageCertificatePassword=$(CERT_PASSWORD)

  - task: PublishBuildArtifacts@1
    inputs:
      pathToPublish: 'AppPackages'
      artifactName: 'msix-package'

AOT + MSIX

MSIX packages can contain AOT-compiled binaries for faster startup and smaller runtime footprint. Combine PublishAot with MSIX packaging:

<PropertyGroup>
  <PublishAot>true</PublishAot>
  <WindowsPackageType>MSIX</WindowsPackageType>
</PropertyGroup>

For AOT MSBuild configuration details (ILLink descriptors, trimming options, platform considerations), see [skill:dotnet-native-aot].

---

Windows SDK Version Requirements

Feature	Minimum Windows Version	Build Number
MSIX with Windows App SDK	Windows 10	Build 19041 (2004)
App Installer protocol	Windows 10	Build 1709 (Fall Creators Update)
Auto-update (OnLaunch)	Windows 10	Build 1709
Background auto-update	Windows 10	Build 1803 (April 2018 Update)
ForceUpdateFromAnyVersion	Windows 10	Build 1809
MSIX bundle format	Windows 10	Build 1709
Optional packages	Windows 10	Build 1709
Modification packages	Windows 10	Build 1809
App Installer file hosting	Windows 10	Build 1709
Microsoft Store submission	Windows App SDK 1.6+	N/A

Target Platform Version Configuration

<PropertyGroup>
  <!-- Minimum supported version (features below this are unavailable) -->
  <TargetFramework>net8.0-windows10.0.19041.0</TargetFramework>

  <!-- Maximum tested version (for adaptive version checks) -->
  <TargetPlatformVersion>10.0.22621.0</TargetPlatformVersion>
</PropertyGroup>

---

Agent Gotchas

1. The manifest Publisher must exactly match the signing certificate Subject -- mismatches cause SignTool Error: SignerSign() failed at build or sign time.

2. Self-signed certificates require manual trust installation -- users must install the certificate to Trusted People or Trusted Root Certification Authorities before the MSIX will install.

3. Never commit PFX files or certificate passwords to source control -- store certificates as CI secrets (GitHub Secrets, Azure DevOps Secure Files) and decode them during the build pipeline.

4. AppxBundle=Auto produces a bundle only when multiple architectures are built -- for single-architecture builds, it produces a flat .msix file, not a bundle.

5. MSIX apps run in a container-like sandbox -- file system access is virtualized. Apps writing to AppData get redirected to the package-specific location. Use ApplicationData.Current APIs, not hardcoded paths.

6. Store submission uses .msixupload not .msix -- set /p:UapAppxPackageBuildMode=StoreUpload to generate the correct upload format.

7. CI builds on windows-latest include the Windows SDK -- no separate SDK installation step is needed for signtool.exe and MakeAppx.exe.

8. Do not hardcode TFM paths in CI examples -- use variable references (e.g., ${{ github.workspace }}) so examples work across .NET versions.