Cloudflare Queues

Build reliable asynchronous message processing on Cloudflare Workers using Queues for background tasks, batch operations, and retry handling.

When to Use

• Background Tasks - Offload non-critical work from request handlers
• Batch Processing - Accumulate messages and process in batches to reduce upstream API calls
• Retry Handling - Automatic retries with configurable delays for transient failures
• Decoupling - Separate producers from consumers for scalability
• Rate Limiting Upstream - Control the rate of requests to external APIs
• Dead Letter Queues - Capture and inspect failed messages for debugging

Quick Reference

Task	API
Send single message	env.QUEUE_BINDING.send(payload)
Send batch	env.QUEUE_BINDING.sendBatch([msg1, msg2])
Define consumer	async queue(batch: MessageBatch, env: Env) { ... }
Access message body	batch.messages.map(msg => msg.body)
Acknowledge message	Messages auto-ack unless handler throws
Retry message	throw new Error() in queue handler
Get batch size	batch.messages.length

FIRST: wrangler.jsonc Configuration

Queues require both producer and consumer configuration:

{
  "name": "request-logger-consumer",
  "main": "src/index.ts",
  "compatibility_date": "2025-02-11",
  "queues": {
    "producers": [{
      "name": "request-queue",
      "binding": "REQUEST_QUEUE"
    }],
    "consumers": [{
      "name": "request-queue",
      "dead_letter_queue": "request-queue-dlq",
      "retry_delay": 300,
      "max_batch_size": 100,
      "max_batch_timeout": 30,
      "max_retries": 3
    }]
  },
  "vars": {
    "UPSTREAM_API_URL": "https://api.example.com/batch-logs",
    "UPSTREAM_API_KEY": ""
  }
}

Consumer Options:

• dead_letter_queue - Queue name for failed messages (optional)
• retry_delay - Seconds to wait before retry (default: 0)
• max_batch_size - Max messages per batch (default: 10, max: 100)
• max_batch_timeout - Max seconds to wait for batch (default: 5, max: 30)
• max_retries - Max retry attempts (default: 3)

Producer and Consumer Pattern

Complete example showing how to produce and consume messages:

// src/index.ts
interface Env {
  REQUEST_QUEUE: Queue;
  UPSTREAM_API_URL: string;
  UPSTREAM_API_KEY: string;
}

export default {
  // Producer: Send messages to queue
  async fetch(request: Request, env: Env) {
    const info = {
      timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
      method: request.method,
      url: request.url,
      headers: Object.fromEntries(request.headers),
    };
    
    await env.REQUEST_QUEUE.send(info);

    return Response.json({
      message: 'Request logged',
      requestId: crypto.randomUUID()
    });
  },

  // Consumer: Process messages in batches
  async queue(batch: MessageBatch<any>, env: Env) {
    const requests = batch.messages.map(msg => msg.body);

    const response = await fetch(env.UPSTREAM_API_URL, {
      method: 'POST',
      headers: {
        'Content-Type': 'application/json',
        'Authorization': `Bearer ${env.UPSTREAM_API_KEY}`
      },
      body: JSON.stringify({
        timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
        batchSize: requests.length,
        requests
      })
    });

    if (!response.ok) {
      // Throwing will retry the entire batch
      throw new Error(`Upstream API error: ${response.status}`);
    }
  }
};

Batch Message Types

Send messages with different formats:

// Send simple JSON payload
await env.QUEUE.send({ userId: 123, action: "login" });

// Send batch of messages
await env.QUEUE.sendBatch([
  { userId: 123, action: "login" },
  { userId: 456, action: "logout" },
  { userId: 789, action: "purchase" }
]);

// Send with typed body
interface UserEvent {
  userId: number;
  action: string;
  timestamp: string;
}

await env.QUEUE.send<UserEvent>({
  userId: 123,
  action: "login",
  timestamp: new Date().toISOString()
});

Retry and Dead Letter Queues

Configure automatic retries and capture failed messages:

{
  "queues": {
    "consumers": [{
      "name": "main-queue",
      "dead_letter_queue": "main-queue-dlq",
      "retry_delay": 300,  // 5 minutes
      "max_retries": 3
    }]
  }
}

Retry Behavior:

1. Handler throws error → message is retried after retry_delay seconds
2. After max_retries attempts → message moves to dead letter queue
3. No DLQ configured → message is discarded after max retries
4. Handler succeeds → message is acknowledged and removed

Processing Dead Letter Queue:

export default {
  // Main consumer
  async queue(batch: MessageBatch<any>, env: Env) {
    for (const message of batch.messages) {
      try {
        await processMessage(message.body);
      } catch (error) {
        console.error('Processing failed:', error);
        throw error; // Trigger retry
      }
    }
  }
};

// Separate worker for DLQ
export default {
  async queue(batch: MessageBatch<any>, env: Env) {
    // Log failed messages for debugging
    for (const message of batch.messages) {
      console.error('Dead letter message:', {
        body: message.body,
        attempts: message.attempts,
        timestamp: message.timestamp
      });
      
      // Optionally store in KV/D1 for inspection
      await env.FAILED_MESSAGES.put(
        message.id,
        JSON.stringify(message),
        { expirationTtl: 86400 * 7 } // 7 days
      );
    }
  }
};

Batch Processing Patterns

Pattern 1: All-or-Nothing Batch

Process entire batch as transaction—if any message fails, retry all:

async queue(batch: MessageBatch<any>, env: Env) {
  // Throwing retries entire batch
  const response = await fetch(env.UPSTREAM_API_URL, {
    method: 'POST',
    body: JSON.stringify(batch.messages.map(m => m.body))
  });
  
  if (!response.ok) {
    throw new Error(`Batch failed: ${response.status}`);
  }
}

Pattern 2: Individual Message Handling

Process messages individually with partial success:

async queue(batch: MessageBatch<any>, env: Env) {
  const results = await Promise.allSettled(
    batch.messages.map(msg => processMessage(msg.body))
  );
  
  const failures = results.filter(r => r.status === 'rejected');
  
  if (failures.length > 0) {
    console.error(`${failures.length}/${batch.messages.length} messages failed`);
    // Throwing here retries the entire batch
    // Consider sending failed messages to a separate queue instead
  }
}

Pattern 3: Partial Retry with Requeue

Requeue only failed messages:

async queue(batch: MessageBatch<any>, env: Env) {
  const failedMessages = [];
  
  for (const message of batch.messages) {
    try {
      await processMessage(message.body);
    } catch (error) {
      failedMessages.push(message.body);
    }
  }
  
  // Requeue only failures
  if (failedMessages.length > 0) {
    await env.RETRY_QUEUE.sendBatch(failedMessages);
  }
  
  // Don't throw - successfully processed messages won't be retried
}

Message Size Limits

• Max message size: 128 KB per message
• Max batch size: 100 messages per batch (configurable)
• Max total batch size: 256 MB

// Handle large payloads
async function sendLargePayload(data: any, env: Env) {
  const serialized = JSON.stringify(data);
  
  if (serialized.length > 100_000) { // ~100KB
    // Option 1: Store in R2/KV, send reference
    const key = crypto.randomUUID();
    await env.LARGE_PAYLOADS.put(key, serialized);
    await env.QUEUE.send({ type: 'large', key });
  } else {
    await env.QUEUE.send(data);
  }
}

Environment Interface

Type your queue bindings:

interface Env {
  // Producer bindings
  REQUEST_QUEUE: Queue<RequestInfo>;
  EMAIL_QUEUE: Queue<EmailPayload>;
  
  // Environment variables
  UPSTREAM_API_URL: string;
  UPSTREAM_API_KEY: string;
  
  // Other bindings
  KV: KVNamespace;
  DB: D1Database;
}

interface RequestInfo {
  timestamp: string;
  method: string;
  url: string;
  headers: Record<string, string>;
}

interface EmailPayload {
  to: string;
  subject: string;
  body: string;
}

Detailed References

• references/patterns.md - Advanced patterns: fan-out, priority queues, rate limiting
• references/error-handling.md - Retry strategies, DLQ management, monitoring
• references/limits.md - Message size, batch limits, retention, CPU constraints
• references/testing.md - Vitest integration, createMessageBatch, getQueueResult, testing handlers

Best Practices

1. Use batch processing: Reduce upstream API calls by processing messages in batches
2. Configure retry_delay: Set appropriate delays to avoid overwhelming failing services
3. Always configure DLQ: Capture failed messages for debugging and replay
4. Type your messages: Use generics for type-safe message bodies
5. Monitor batch timeouts: Adjust max_batch_timeout based on processing time
6. Handle partial failures: Don't throw on single message failure if others succeeded
7. Size payloads appropriately: Keep messages under 100KB; use R2/KV for large data
8. Use separate queues for priorities: Different queues for high/low priority messages
9. Log DLQ messages: Always log or store DLQ messages for later analysis
10. Don't await send() in hot paths: Queue operations are async but fast—fire and forget when appropriate