threejs-impl-xr

Quick Reference

WebXRManager Properties

Property	Type	Default	Description
enabled	boolean	false	Enable XR rendering
isPresenting	boolean	read-only	Whether an XR session is active
cameraAutoUpdate	boolean	true	Auto-update camera from XR device pose

WebXRManager Methods

Method	Signature	Description
getSession()	() => XRSession | null	Current XR session
setSessionInit(options)	(XRSessionInit) => void	Configure session features before entry
setReferenceSpaceType(type)	(string) => void	Set reference space type
getController(index)	(number) => Group	Get controller target ray space
getControllerGrip(index)	(number) => Group	Get controller grip space
getHand(index)	(number) => Group	Get hand tracking group
setFoveation(level)	(number) => void	Set foveated rendering (0.0–1.0)
getFoveation()	() => number	Get current foveation level
getEnvironmentBlendMode()	() => string	Get blend mode (opaque, additive, alpha-blend)
setFramebufferScaleFactor(scale)	(number) => void	Adjust XR render resolution

Session Types

Type	Use Case
'immersive-vr'	Full VR headset experience
'immersive-ar'	AR passthrough on headset or phone
'inline'	Non-immersive XR in a browser window

Reference Space Types

Type	Origin	Use Case
'viewer'	Head position	HUD elements, gaze-locked UI
'local'	Initial head position	Seated experiences
'local-floor'	Floor level at start	Standing VR, ALWAYS preferred for room-scale
'bounded-floor'	Floor with boundary	Room-scale with guardian
'unbounded'	World origin	Large-scale AR experiences

XR Addon Classes

Class	Import Path	Purpose
VRButton	three/addons/webxr/VRButton.js	Creates "Enter VR" button with feature detection
ARButton	three/addons/webxr/ARButton.js	Creates "Enter AR" button with feature detection
XRControllerModelFactory	three/addons/webxr/XRControllerModelFactory.js	Loads appropriate controller 3D model
XRHandModelFactory	three/addons/webxr/XRHandModelFactory.js	Creates hand tracking visualization
XRHandPrimitiveModel	three/addons/webxr/XRHandPrimitiveModel.js	Simple geometric hand representation
XREstimatedLight	three/addons/webxr/XREstimatedLight.js	AR environment lighting estimation
XRPlanes	three/addons/webxr/XRPlanes.js	AR plane detection visualization

Critical Warnings

NEVER use requestAnimationFrame() for XR rendering — ALWAYS use renderer.setAnimationLoop(). The WebXR API requires its own frame timing; requestAnimationFrame stops firing when an XR session is active.

NEVER apply heavy post-processing in VR — each effect runs TWICE (once per eye), doubling GPU cost. Dropped frames cause motion sickness.

ALWAYS target 72fps (Quest) or 90fps (PC VR) — dropped frames cause nausea and discomfort. There is NO acceptable lower target.

ALWAYS set renderer.xr.enabled = true BEFORE creating VRButton/ARButton — the button checks this property for feature detection.

NEVER forget to add controllers to the scene — getController() returns a Group that MUST be added via scene.add() or it will not render or fire events.

---

VR Setup

Minimal VR Scene

import * as THREE from 'three';
import { VRButton } from 'three/addons/webxr/VRButton.js';

const scene = new THREE.Scene();
const camera = new THREE.PerspectiveCamera(70, window.innerWidth / window.innerHeight, 0.1, 100);
const renderer = new THREE.WebGLRenderer({ antialias: true });
renderer.setSize(window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight);
renderer.setPixelRatio(window.devicePixelRatio);
document.body.appendChild(renderer.domElement);

// Enable XR BEFORE creating VRButton
renderer.xr.enabled = true;
renderer.xr.setReferenceSpaceType('local-floor');
document.body.appendChild(VRButton.createButton(renderer));

// MUST use setAnimationLoop — NEVER requestAnimationFrame
renderer.setAnimationLoop((time, frame) => {
  renderer.render(scene, camera);
});

AR Setup

import * as THREE from 'three';
import { ARButton } from 'three/addons/webxr/ARButton.js';

const renderer = new THREE.WebGLRenderer({ antialias: true, alpha: true });
renderer.xr.enabled = true;

// Configure AR features BEFORE creating ARButton
renderer.xr.setSessionInit({
  requiredFeatures: ['hit-test'],
  optionalFeatures: ['dom-overlay'],
  domOverlay: { root: document.getElementById('overlay') }
});

document.body.appendChild(ARButton.createButton(renderer, {
  requiredFeatures: ['hit-test']
}));

renderer.setAnimationLoop((time, frame) => {
  renderer.render(scene, camera);
});

---

Controllers

Controller Spaces

Three.js exposes THREE distinct spaces per physical controller:

Method	Space	Use Case
getController(index)	Target ray	Pointing direction, laser pointer
getControllerGrip(index)	Grip	Where the hand holds the controller
getHand(index)	Hand	Full hand tracking skeleton

ALWAYS add ALL spaces you use to the scene. Each returns a THREE.Group.

Controller Events

Event	Trigger
selectstart	Primary trigger pressed
selectend	Primary trigger released
select	Primary trigger press-and-release
squeezestart	Grip button pressed
squeezeend	Grip button released
squeeze	Grip button press-and-release
connected	Controller detected (event.data = XRInputSource)
disconnected	Controller lost

Controller Models

import { XRControllerModelFactory } from 'three/addons/webxr/XRControllerModelFactory.js';

const factory = new XRControllerModelFactory();

// Target ray space — for laser pointer / interaction ray
const controller0 = renderer.xr.getController(0);
controller0.addEventListener('selectstart', onSelectStart);
controller0.addEventListener('selectend', onSelectEnd);
scene.add(controller0);

// Grip space — for rendering the controller model
const grip0 = renderer.xr.getControllerGrip(0);
grip0.add(factory.createControllerModel(grip0));
scene.add(grip0);

Laser Pointer Visual

const geometry = new THREE.BufferGeometry().setFromPoints([
  new THREE.Vector3(0, 0, 0),
  new THREE.Vector3(0, 0, -5)
]);
const material = new THREE.LineBasicMaterial({ color: 0xffffff });
const line = new THREE.Line(geometry, material);
controller0.add(line);

---

Hand Tracking

import { XRHandModelFactory } from 'three/addons/webxr/XRHandModelFactory.js';

// Request hand-tracking feature
renderer.xr.setSessionInit({
  optionalFeatures: ['hand-tracking']
});

const handFactory = new XRHandModelFactory();

const hand0 = renderer.xr.getHand(0);
hand0.add(handFactory.createHandModel(hand0, 'mesh'));
scene.add(hand0);

const hand1 = renderer.xr.getHand(1);
hand1.add(handFactory.createHandModel(hand1, 'mesh'));
scene.add(hand1);

Hand model profiles: 'mesh' (realistic), 'spheres' (joint spheres), 'boxes' (joint boxes).

Hand tracking events fire on the hand group:

• connected — hand detected
• disconnected — hand lost
• pinchstart / pinchend — thumb-index pinch gesture

---

AR Hit Testing

Hit testing places virtual objects on real-world surfaces.

let hitTestSource = null;
let hitTestSourceRequested = false;
const reticle = new THREE.Mesh(
  new THREE.RingGeometry(0.15, 0.2, 32).rotateX(-Math.PI / 2),
  new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial()
);
reticle.matrixAutoUpdate = false;
reticle.visible = false;
scene.add(reticle);

renderer.setAnimationLoop((time, frame) => {
  if (frame) {
    const session = renderer.xr.getSession();
    const referenceSpace = renderer.xr.getReferenceSpace();

    if (!hitTestSourceRequested) {
      session.requestReferenceSpace('viewer').then((viewerSpace) => {
        session.requestHitTestSource({ space: viewerSpace }).then((source) => {
          hitTestSource = source;
        });
      });
      hitTestSourceRequested = true;
    }

    if (hitTestSource) {
      const results = frame.getHitTestResults(hitTestSource);
      if (results.length > 0) {
        const pose = results[0].getPose(referenceSpace);
        reticle.visible = true;
        reticle.matrix.fromArray(pose.transform.matrix);
      } else {
        reticle.visible = false;
      }
    }
  }
  renderer.render(scene, camera);
});

---

Teleportation Pattern

const tempMatrix = new THREE.Matrix4();
const raycaster = new THREE.Raycaster();
const marker = new THREE.Mesh(
  new THREE.CircleGeometry(0.25, 32).rotateX(-Math.PI / 2),
  new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial({ color: 0x00ff00 })
);
scene.add(marker);

const controller = renderer.xr.getController(0);
controller.addEventListener('selectend', () => {
  tempMatrix.identity().extractRotation(controller.matrixWorld);
  raycaster.ray.origin.setFromMatrixPosition(controller.matrixWorld);
  raycaster.ray.direction.set(0, 0, -1).applyMatrix4(tempMatrix);

  const intersects = raycaster.intersectObject(floor);
  if (intersects.length > 0) {
    const point = intersects[0].point;
    // Move the XR camera rig, NOT the camera directly
    cameraRig.position.set(point.x, 0, point.z);
  }
});
scene.add(controller);

ALWAYS move a camera rig group (containing the camera), NEVER the camera directly — the WebXR API controls camera position relative to its parent.

---

VR Performance

Target Frame Rates

Platform	Target FPS	Notes
Meta Quest 2/3	72–120 fps	72 default, 90/120 optional
PC VR (SteamVR)	90 fps	Standard target
PSVR2	90–120 fps	Platform-dependent

Optimization Techniques

1. Foveated rendering — renderer.xr.setFoveation(1.0) for maximum performance. Range 0.0 (none) to 1.0 (maximum).
2. Framebuffer scale — renderer.xr.setFramebufferScaleFactor(0.75) to reduce resolution when GPU-bound.
3. Minimize draw calls — Use THREE.InstancedMesh for repeated objects. Target < 100 draw calls.
4. Avoid post-processing — Each effect renders TWICE in stereo. Remove bloom, SSAO, and anti-aliasing passes when possible.
5. Use baked lighting — Real-time shadows are expensive at 2x. Pre-bake where possible.
6. LOD (Level of Detail) — Use THREE.LOD to reduce polygon count for distant objects.
7. Texture compression — Use KTX2/Basis textures to reduce GPU memory.

Camera Rig Pattern

ALWAYS use a camera rig group for VR locomotion:

const cameraRig = new THREE.Group();
cameraRig.add(camera);
scene.add(cameraRig);

// Move the rig, not the camera
cameraRig.position.set(0, 0, 5);

The WebXR API sets camera position/rotation each frame relative to its parent. Moving the camera directly is overwritten immediately.

---

XR Estimated Light (AR)

import { XREstimatedLight } from 'three/addons/webxr/XREstimatedLight.js';

const xrLight = new XREstimatedLight(renderer);
xrLight.addEventListener('estimationstart', () => {
  scene.add(xrLight);
  scene.environment = xrLight.environment;
  // Remove default lights
});
xrLight.addEventListener('estimationend', () => {
  scene.remove(xrLight);
  scene.environment = null;
  // Restore default lights
});

---

Reference Links

• references/methods.md — Complete API signatures for WebXRManager and XR addon classes
• references/examples.md — Working code examples for VR, AR, controllers, and hand tracking
• references/anti-patterns.md — What NOT to do in WebXR development

Official Sources

• https://threejs.org/docs/#api/en/renderers/webxr/WebXRManager
• https://threejs.org/docs/#manual/en/introduction/How-to-create-VR-content
• https://immersiveweb.dev/
• https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebXR_Device_API