threejs-syntax-loaders

Quick Reference

Loader Architecture

All Three.js loaders extend the Loader base class and share two loading patterns:

// Callback style
loader.load(url, onLoad, onProgress, onError);

// Promise style (preferred)
const result = await loader.loadAsync(url, onProgress);

Import Paths

Loader	Import
`TextureLoader`	`import { TextureLoader } from 'three';`
`CubeTextureLoader`	`import { CubeTextureLoader } from 'three';`
`GLTFLoader`	`import { GLTFLoader } from 'three/addons/loaders/GLTFLoader.js';`
`DRACOLoader`	`import { DRACOLoader } from 'three/addons/loaders/DRACOLoader.js';`
`KTX2Loader`	`import { KTX2Loader } from 'three/addons/loaders/KTX2Loader.js';`
`FBXLoader`	`import { FBXLoader } from 'three/addons/loaders/FBXLoader.js';`
`OBJLoader`	`import { OBJLoader } from 'three/addons/loaders/OBJLoader.js';`
`MTLLoader`	`import { MTLLoader } from 'three/addons/loaders/MTLLoader.js';`
`RGBELoader`	`import { RGBELoader } from 'three/addons/loaders/RGBELoader.js';`
`MeshoptDecoder`	`import { MeshoptDecoder } from 'three/addons/libs/meshopt_decoder.module.js';`

Format Recommendation

ALWAYS prefer glTF/GLB over other 3D formats. glTF is the recommended format for Three.js. It supports PBR materials, animations, cameras, lights, and scene hierarchy in a single file. Use .glb (binary glTF) for single-file distribution.

Critical Warnings

NEVER call loader.load() inside requestAnimationFrame or any render loop. Load assets once at initialization and cache the result.

NEVER forget to set the DRACOLoader decoder path before loading Draco-compressed models. The path MUST point to a directory containing draco_decoder.wasm.

NEVER skip error handling on loadAsync calls. ALWAYS wrap in try/catch. Failed loads without error handlers crash silently.

NEVER forget to dispose loaded models when removing them. GLTF models contain meshes, materials, and textures that ALL require disposal.

ALWAYS set texture.colorSpace = THREE.SRGBColorSpace on diffuse/color textures (map, emissiveMap). NEVER set SRGBColorSpace on data textures (normalMap, roughnessMap, metalnessMap, aoMap).

ALWAYS call dracoLoader.dispose() after all Draco-compressed models are loaded to free the WASM decoder memory.

Loader Base Class

Every loader inherits these methods from Loader:

Method	Signature	Purpose
`load`	`(url, onLoad, onProgress, onError)`	Callback-based loading
`loadAsync`	`(url, onProgress) => Promise`	Promise-based loading
`setPath`	`(path: string)`	Set base URL prefix for all loads
`setResourcePath`	`(path: string)`	Set resource resolution path
`setCrossOrigin`	`(value: string)`	Set CORS mode
`setWithCredentials`	`(value: boolean)`	Enable credentials for cross-origin
`setRequestHeader`	`(header: object)`	Set custom HTTP headers

LoadingManager

Coordinates multiple loaders and tracks overall progress.

import * as THREE from 'three';

const manager = new THREE.LoadingManager(
  () => { console.log('All assets loaded'); },
  (url, loaded, total) => { console.log(`Progress: ${loaded}/${total}`); },
  (url) => { console.error(`Failed to load: ${url}`); }
);

// Pass manager to any loader
const textureLoader = new THREE.TextureLoader(manager);
const gltfLoader = new GLTFLoader(manager);

Manager Callbacks

Callback	Signature	When
`onStart`	`(url, itemsLoaded, itemsTotal)`	First item begins loading
`onLoad`	`()`	All items finished
`onProgress`	`(url, itemsLoaded, itemsTotal)`	Each item completes
`onError`	`(url)`	An item fails

Manager Methods

Method	Purpose
`itemStart(url)`	Manually register a loading item
`itemEnd(url)`	Manually mark item as loaded
`itemError(url)`	Manually mark item as failed
`resolveURL(url)`	Resolve URL through modifiers
`setURLModifier(callback)`	Custom URL rewriting (blob URLs, service workers)

GLTFLoader

The primary loader for 3D models. glTF 2.0 supports meshes, PBR materials, animations, cameras, lights, and scene hierarchy.

Setup with Draco Compression

import { GLTFLoader } from 'three/addons/loaders/GLTFLoader.js';
import { DRACOLoader } from 'three/addons/loaders/DRACOLoader.js';

const dracoLoader = new DRACOLoader();
dracoLoader.setDecoderPath('https://www.gstatic.com/draco/versioned/decoders/1.5.6/');

const gltfLoader = new GLTFLoader();
gltfLoader.setDRACOLoader(dracoLoader);

Setup with KTX2 Textures

import { KTX2Loader } from 'three/addons/loaders/KTX2Loader.js';

const ktx2Loader = new KTX2Loader();
ktx2Loader.setTranscoderPath('/basis/');
ktx2Loader.detectSupport(renderer); // MUST pass renderer instance

gltfLoader.setKTX2Loader(ktx2Loader);

Setup with Meshopt Decoder

import { MeshoptDecoder } from 'three/addons/libs/meshopt_decoder.module.js';

await MeshoptDecoder.ready;
gltfLoader.setMeshoptDecoder(MeshoptDecoder);

Loading a Model

try {
  const gltf = await gltfLoader.loadAsync('model.glb');
  scene.add(gltf.scene);
} catch (error) {
  console.error('Failed to load model:', error);
}

GLTF Result Object

{
  scene: THREE.Group,                    // Root scene node -- add this to your scene
  scenes: THREE.Group[],                 // All scenes in the file
  cameras: THREE.Camera[],              // Embedded cameras
  animations: THREE.AnimationClip[],    // Animation data for AnimationMixer
  asset: { generator: string, version: string },  // File metadata
  parser: GLTFParser,                    // Internal parser (advanced use)
  userData: {}                           // Custom glTF extensions
}

GLTFLoader Methods

Method	Signature	Purpose
`load`	`(url, onLoad, onProgress, onError)`	Load with callbacks
`loadAsync`	`(url, onProgress) => Promise<GLTF>`	Load with Promise
`parse`	`(data, path, onLoad, onError)`	Parse ArrayBuffer or JSON directly
`setDRACOLoader`	`(dracoLoader: DRACOLoader)`	Enable Draco decompression
`setKTX2Loader`	`(ktx2Loader: KTX2Loader)`	Enable KTX2 texture decompression
`setMeshoptDecoder`	`(decoder)`	Enable meshopt decompression
`register`	`(plugin)`	Register a glTF extension plugin
`unregister`	`(plugin)`	Unregister a glTF extension plugin

DRACOLoader

Decodes Draco-compressed geometry. Reduces mesh file size by 80-90%.

Method	Signature	Purpose
`setDecoderPath`	`(path: string)`	Path to directory containing WASM decoders
`setDecoderConfig`	`(config: object)`	`{ type: 'js' \| 'wasm' }` -- WASM is default and faster
`preload`	`()`	Pre-fetch decoder WASM before first use
`dispose`	`()`	Free WASM decoder memory

ALWAYS call dracoLoader.dispose() after loading all Draco-compressed models.

TextureLoader

Loads 2D textures (PNG, JPG, WebP) into THREE.Texture.

const loader = new THREE.TextureLoader();
const texture = await loader.loadAsync('diffuse.jpg');
texture.colorSpace = THREE.SRGBColorSpace; // ALWAYS for color textures
texture.wrapS = THREE.RepeatWrapping;
texture.wrapT = THREE.RepeatWrapping;
material.map = texture;

CubeTextureLoader

Loads six images as a cube map for skyboxes or environment reflections.

const cubeLoader = new THREE.CubeTextureLoader();
cubeLoader.setPath('/textures/cube/');
const cubeTexture = cubeLoader.load([
  'px.jpg', 'nx.jpg',  // positive-x, negative-x
  'py.jpg', 'ny.jpg',  // positive-y, negative-y
  'pz.jpg', 'nz.jpg'   // positive-z, negative-z
]);
scene.background = cubeTexture;
scene.environment = cubeTexture;

RGBELoader

Loads HDR environment maps in Radiance .hdr format.

import { RGBELoader } from 'three/addons/loaders/RGBELoader.js';

const rgbeLoader = new RGBELoader();
rgbeLoader.load('environment.hdr', (texture) => {
  texture.mapping = THREE.EquirectangularReflectionMapping;
  scene.environment = texture; // PBR environment lighting
  scene.background = texture;  // Optional: visible HDR background
});

The RGBELoader sets color space automatically. NEVER manually override the color space on HDR textures.

FBXLoader

Loads Autodesk FBX models. Supports meshes, materials, and skeletal animations.

import { FBXLoader } from 'three/addons/loaders/FBXLoader.js';

const fbxLoader = new FBXLoader();
const model = await fbxLoader.loadAsync('character.fbx');
scene.add(model);

OBJLoader + MTLLoader

Loads Wavefront OBJ geometry with optional MTL material files.

import { OBJLoader } from 'three/addons/loaders/OBJLoader.js';
import { MTLLoader } from 'three/addons/loaders/MTLLoader.js';

const mtlLoader = new MTLLoader();
const materials = await mtlLoader.loadAsync('model.mtl');
materials.preload();

const objLoader = new OBJLoader();
objLoader.setMaterials(materials);
const model = await objLoader.loadAsync('model.obj');
scene.add(model);

ALWAYS load the MTL file first, then pass the materials to OBJLoader before loading the OBJ file.

Disposing Loaded Models

ALWAYS traverse and dispose ALL resources when removing a loaded model:

function disposeModel(model) {
  model.traverse((child) => {
    if (child.isMesh) {
      child.geometry.dispose();
      if (Array.isArray(child.material)) {
        child.material.forEach((mat) => {
          disposeMaterial(mat);
        });
      } else {
        disposeMaterial(child.material);
      }
    }
  });
  model.removeFromParent();
}

function disposeMaterial(material) {
  for (const key of Object.keys(material)) {
    const value = material[key];
    if (value && typeof value === 'object' && 'dispose' in value) {
      value.dispose(); // Disposes textures
    }
  }
  material.dispose();
}

Reference Links

references/methods.md -- Complete API signatures for all loaders
references/examples.md -- Working code examples for common loading scenarios
references/anti-patterns.md -- What NOT to do when loading assets

threejs-syntax-loaders

threejs-syntax-loaders

Quick Reference

Loader Architecture

Import Paths

Format Recommendation

Critical Warnings

Loader Base Class

LoadingManager

Manager Callbacks

Manager Methods

GLTFLoader

Setup with Draco Compression

Setup with KTX2 Textures

Setup with Meshopt Decoder

Loading a Model

GLTF Result Object

GLTFLoader Methods

DRACOLoader

TextureLoader

CubeTextureLoader

RGBELoader

FBXLoader

OBJLoader + MTLLoader

Disposing Loaded Models

Reference Links

Official Sources

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threejs-impl-shadows