Form Labelling

Every form field needs a visible, persistent label that is programmatically associated with the input. This is the single most common accessibility failure on the web — and the easiest to fix.

Core Rules

Every Input Has a Visible Label

• Use element with for/id association
• The label must be visible at all times — not just as placeholder text that disappears on focus
• Labels go above the input (most accessible and most scannable)
• Never use placeholder text as the only label — it disappears when the user starts typing

Labels Describe What to Enter

• Good: "Email address"
• Bad: "Enter your info here"
• Good: "Date of birth (DD/MM/YYYY)"
• Bad: "Date"
• Include format hints in the label or help text, not just in placeholder

Required Fields Are Clear

• Mark required fields with visible text: "required" or *
• If using , explain it at the top of the form: " = required"
• Use aria-required="true" for programmatic indication
• Better: make most fields required by design and mark the optional ones instead — "Company name (optional)"

Grouping Patterns

Related Fields Need Fieldsets

• Group related fields with and
• Radio buttons: always group with fieldset
  • Legend: "Preferred contact method"
  • Options: Email, Phone, Text
• Checkboxes: group when they share a question
  • Legend: "Which topics interest you?"
  • Options: Design, Engineering, Product
• Address fields: group under "Delivery address" or "Billing address"

When You Have Multiple Forms

• Each form section should have a heading or legend
• Sections should be visually and structurally separated
• Progress indicators help users understand where they are

Instruction Patterns

Help Text

• Place help text between the label and the input
• Associate with aria-describedby so screen readers announce it
• Good: "Must be at least 8 characters with one number"
• Keep instructions concise — one sentence

Error Association

• Error messages must be programmatically linked to the field (aria-describedby or aria-errormessage)
• Place error text directly below the field, not in a remote banner
• Include the field label in the error: "Email address: please enter a valid email"

Common Mistakes

• Placeholder as label — disappears on input, invisible to many screen readers
• Icon-only labels — a magnifying glass without text "Search" label
• Labels far from inputs — spatial separation breaks the visual association
• Labels that change — don't change label text based on input state
• Unlabelled buttons — every button needs visible text or aria-label

Assessment Checklist

• Every input has a visible associated with for/id
• No placeholder-only labels
• Required fields are indicated visually and programmatically
• Related fields are grouped with fieldset/legend
• Help text is associated with aria-describedby
• Error messages are linked to their field
• All buttons have visible text labels