// Handling Option match find_user(1) { Some(user) => println!("Found: {}", user.name), None => println!("User not found"), }

// Or with if let if let Some(user) = find_user(1) { println!("Found: {}", user.name); }


### Result<T, E> - For Recoverable Errors

```rust
use std::fs::File;
use std::io::{self, Read};

fn read_file(path: &str) -> Result<String, io::Error> {
    let mut file = File::open(path)?;
    let mut contents = String::new();
    file.read_to_string(&mut contents)?;
    Ok(contents)
}

// Handling Result
match read_file("data.txt") {
    Ok(contents) => println!("{}", contents),
    Err(e) => eprintln!("Error: {}", e),
}

The ? Operator

fn process_data(path: &str) -> Result<Data, Error> {
    let contents = read_file(path)?;  // Returns Err if fails
    let parsed = parse(&contents)?;    // Returns Err if fails
    let validated = validate(parsed)?; // Returns Err if fails
    Ok(validated)
}

Common Patterns

unwrap_or / unwrap_or_else

// Default value
let name = get_name().unwrap_or("Anonymous".to_string());

// Lazy default (computed only if needed)
let name = get_name().unwrap_or_else(|| generate_default_name());

map / and_then

// Transform the inner value
let doubled = Some(5).map(|x| x * 2);  // Some(10)

// Chain operations that return Option/Result
let result = get_value()
    .and_then(|v| validate(v))
    .and_then(|v| process(v));

ok_or / ok_or_else

// Convert Option to Result
let user = find_user(id).ok_or(Error::NotFound)?;

// Lazy error
let user = find_user(id).ok_or_else(|| Error::NotFound(id))?;

Custom Errors with thiserror

use thiserror::Error;

#[derive(Error, Debug)]
pub enum AppError {
    #[error("IO error: {0}")]
    Io(#[from] std::io::Error),

    #[error("Parse error at line {line}: {message}")]
    Parse { line: usize, message: String },

    #[error("Not found: {0}")]
    NotFound(String),
}

Application Errors with anyhow

use anyhow::{Context, Result, bail, ensure};

fn process() -> Result<()> {
    let config = load_config()
        .context("Failed to load configuration")?;

    ensure!(config.is_valid(), "Configuration is invalid");

    if config.debug {
        bail!("Debug mode not allowed in production");
    }

    Ok(())
}

error-handling

Error Handling Skill

Quick Start

Option - For Absent Values