PyO3 + Maturin Python Bindings

Project Structure

my-rust-lib/
├── Cargo.toml          # [lib] crate-type = ["cdylib", "rlib"]
├── pyproject.toml      # maturin build config
├── src/
│   ├── lib.rs          # Core Rust library
│   └── python/         # Python binding module
│       ├── mod.rs      # #[pymodule] definition
│       ├── types.rs    # #[pyclass] wrappers
│       └── errors.rs   # Python exception types
├── python/
│   └── my_lib/         # Pure Python additions (optional)
│       ├── __init__.py
│       └── py.typed    # PEP 561 marker
└── tests/
    ├── rust/           # Rust unit tests
    └── python/         # Python integration tests

Core Workflow

1. Expose Rust Types

use pyo3::prelude::*;

#[pyclass]
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct MyType {
    inner: RustType,  // Keep Rust type private
}

#[pymethods]
impl MyType {
    #[new]
    fn new(value: i64) -> PyResult<Self> {
        Ok(Self { inner: RustType::new(value)? })
    }
    
    fn process(&self) -> PyResult<String> {
        self.inner.process().map_err(|e| e.into())
    }
}

2. Register Module

#[pymodule]
fn my_lib(m: &Bound<'_, PyModule>) -> PyResult<()> {
    m.add_class::<MyType>()?;
    m.add_function(wrap_pyfunction!(my_function, m)?)?;
    Ok(())
}

3. Build & Test

maturin develop          # Install in current venv for testing
maturin build --release  # Build wheel
pytest tests/python/     # Run Python tests

Reference Guides

Load these as needed based on the task:

Task	Reference
Type mapping between Rust ↔ Python	type-conversions.md
Converting Rust errors to Python exceptions	error-handling.md
GIL management and memory safety	memory-gil.md
Building wheels and publishing to PyPI	build-publish.md
Testing strategies (Rust + Python)	testing.md
Debugging common binding issues	debugging.md
CQLite CQL feature parity checklist	cqlite-parity.md

Quick Reference

Common Cargo.toml Setup

[lib]
name = "my_lib"
crate-type = ["cdylib", "rlib"]

[dependencies]
pyo3 = { version = "0.22", features = ["extension-module"] }

[features]
extension-module = ["pyo3/extension-module"]

Common pyproject.toml

[build-system]
requires = ["maturin>=1.0,<2.0"]
build-backend = "maturin"

[project]
name = "my-lib"
requires-python = ">=3.8"
classifiers = ["Programming Language :: Rust"]

[tool.maturin]
features = ["pyo3/extension-module"]
python-source = "python"  # If you have pure Python code

PyO3 Attribute Quick Reference

Attribute	Use
#[pyclass]	Expose struct to Python
#[pymethods]	Impl block with Python-visible methods
#[new]	__init__ constructor
#[getter] / #[setter]	Property access
#[staticmethod]	No self parameter
#[classmethod]	Receives cls: &Bound<'_, PyType>
#[pyo3(name = "...")]	Rename in Python
#[pyo3(signature = (...))]	Custom signature with defaults