type Post { id: ID! title: String! content: String! author: User! createdAt: DateTime! }

type Query { user(id: ID!): User users(limit: Int, offset: Int): [User!]! post(id: ID!): Post }

type Mutation { createUser(input: CreateUserInput!): User! createPost(input: CreatePostInput!): Post! }

input CreateUserInput { name: String! email: String! }


## Apollo Server Setup

```javascript
const { ApolloServer } = require('@apollo/server');
const { startStandaloneServer } = require('@apollo/server/standalone');

const resolvers = {
  Query: {
    user: (_, { id }, { dataSources }) =>
      dataSources.userAPI.getUser(id),
    users: (_, { limit, offset }, { dataSources }) =>
      dataSources.userAPI.getUsers({ limit, offset })
  },
  User: {
    posts: (user, { limit }, { dataSources }) =>
      dataSources.postAPI.getPostsByUser(user.id, limit)
  },
  Mutation: {
    createUser: (_, { input }, { dataSources }) =>
      dataSources.userAPI.createUser(input)
  }
};

const server = new ApolloServer({ typeDefs, resolvers });

DataLoader for N+1 Prevention

const DataLoader = require('dataloader');

const userLoader = new DataLoader(async (ids) => {
  const users = await User.find({ _id: { $in: ids } });
  return ids.map(id => users.find(u => u.id === id));
});

Error Handling

const { GraphQLError } = require('graphql');

throw new GraphQLError('User not found', {
  extensions: { code: 'NOT_FOUND', argumentName: 'id' }
});

Best Practices

Use DataLoader to batch queries
Implement query complexity limits
Design schema around client needs
Validate all inputs
Use descriptive naming conventions

Python Graphene

See references/python-graphene.md for complete Flask implementation with:

ObjectType definitions
Query and Mutation classes
Input types
Flask integration

Best Practices

Do:

Use DataLoader to batch queries
Implement query complexity limits
Design schema around client needs
Validate all inputs
Use descriptive naming conventions
Add subscriptions for real-time data

Don't:

Allow deeply nested queries without limits
Expose database internals
Ignore N+1 query problems
Return unauthorized data
Skip input validation

graphql-implementation

GraphQL Implementation

Schema Definition