dbt Commands & Operations

Purpose

Transform AI agents into experts on dbt command-line operations, model selection patterns, Jinja templating, and troubleshooting techniques for efficient dbt development and debugging.

When to Use This Skill

Activate this skill when users ask about:

• Running dbt commands (build, run, test, compile)
• Model selection syntax and patterns
• Debugging compilation or execution errors
• Using Jinja macros and templates
• Troubleshooting dbt issues
• Command-line flags and options
• Generating and serving documentation
• Understanding dbt command output

Official dbt Documentation: dbt Command Reference

---

Essential Commands

Setup & Installation

# Install dbt packages
dbt deps

# Test connection and configuration
dbt debug

# Clean compiled files and logs
dbt clean

---

Building Models

# Build everything (run + test) - RECOMMENDED
dbt build

# Build with full refresh of incremental models
dbt build --full-refresh

# Run all models (no tests)
dbt run

# Run and test separately
dbt run
dbt test

Best Practice: Use dbt build instead of separate run + test commands.

---

Model Selection Syntax

Basic Selection

# Specific model
dbt run --select model_name
dbt run --select dim_customers

# Multiple models
dbt run --select dim_customers fct_orders dim_products

---

Dependency Selection

# Model + upstream dependencies (parents)
dbt run --select +model_name
dbt run --select +dim_customers

# Model + downstream dependencies (children)
dbt run --select model_name+
dbt run --select dim_customers+

# Model + all dependencies (both directions)
dbt run --select +model_name+
dbt run --select +dim_customers+

Visualization:

+model_name    = model + all parents
model_name+    = model + all children
+model_name+   = model + all parents + all children

---

Selection by Tag

# Single tag
dbt run --select tag:bronze
dbt run --select tag:gold

# Multiple tags (AND logic - must have both)
dbt run --select tag:gold tag:critical

# Multiple tags (OR logic - has either)
dbt run --select tag:gold,tag:silver

Common tags:

• tag:bronze - All staging models
• tag:silver - All intermediate models
• tag:gold - All mart models

---

Selection by Folder

# All models in folder
dbt run --select bronze
dbt run --select gold

# Subfolder
dbt run --select bronze.crawl
dbt run --select gold.run

# Multiple folders
dbt run --select bronze silver

---

Exclude Models

# Exclude specific models
dbt run --exclude model_name

# Exclude by tag
dbt run --exclude tag:deprecated

# Exclude folder
dbt run --exclude bronze

# Complex: Run gold, but exclude certain models
dbt run --select tag:gold --exclude fct_large_table

---

Advanced Selection

# Models modified in current git branch
dbt run --select state:modified --state ./prod-manifest/

# Models by package
dbt run --select package:dbt_utils

# Models by resource type
dbt test --select test_type:generic
dbt test --select test_type:singular

# Intersection (models matching multiple criteria)
dbt run --select tag:gold,tag:critical  # Has gold OR critical

Official dbt Docs: Node Selection Syntax

---

Testing Commands

# Run all tests
dbt test

# Test specific model
dbt test --select dim_customers

# Test specific column
dbt test --select dim_customers,column:customer_id

# Test by type
dbt test --select test_type:generic    # Generic tests only
dbt test --select test_type:singular   # Singular tests only

# Test with dependencies
dbt test --select +dim_customers+

# Store test failures for analysis
dbt test --store-failures

# Test by layer
dbt test --select tag:gold

---

Documentation Commands

# Generate documentation
dbt docs generate

# Serve documentation locally (default port 8080)
dbt docs serve

# Custom port
dbt docs serve --port 8001

# Generate static HTML (for hosting)
dbt docs generate --static

Accessing docs: Navigate to http://localhost:8080 after running dbt docs serve

---

Debugging Commands

# Check SQL compilation without running
dbt compile --select model_name

# View compiled SQL
cat target/compiled/your_project/models/path/to/model.sql

# Run with verbose logging
dbt run --select model_name --debug

# Run with detailed log level
dbt run --select model_name --log-level debug

# List all models (useful for understanding project)
dbt list

# List models with selection
dbt list --select tag:gold

# Show dependency graph
dbt list --select +dim_customers+ --output path

---

Jinja Patterns

Official dbt Documentation: Jinja & Macros

Loops

-- Generate columns for each status
{% for status in ['pending', 'shipped', 'delivered', 'cancelled'] %}
    sum(case when status = '{{ status }}' then 1 else 0 end) as {{ status }}_count
    {%- if not loop.last -%},{%- endif %}
{% endfor %}

Output:

sum(case when status = 'pending' then 1 else 0 end) as pending_count,
sum(case when status = 'shipped' then 1 else 0 end) as shipped_count,
sum(case when status = 'delivered' then 1 else 0 end) as delivered_count,
sum(case when status = 'cancelled' then 1 else 0 end) as cancelled_count

---

Conditionals

{% if target.name == 'prod' %}
    where is_active = true
{% else %}
    where order_date >= dateadd(day, -7, current_date())
    limit 1000
{% endif %}

---

Macros

Define macro:

-- macros/cents_to_dollars.sql
{% macro cents_to_dollars(column_name) %}
    round({{ column_name }} / 100.0, 2)
{% endmacro %}

Use macro:

select
    {{ cents_to_dollars('amount_cents') }} as amount_dollars
from {{ ref('stg_payments') }}

---

Built-in Jinja Variables

{{ target.name }}           -- 'dev', 'prod', etc.
{{ target.schema }}         -- Current schema
{{ target.database }}       -- Current database
{{ run_started_at }}        -- Run start timestamp
{{ invocation_id }}         -- Unique run identifier
{{ this }}                  -- Current model reference
{{ flags.FULL_REFRESH }}    -- True if --full-refresh flag used

Example usage:

-- Add metadata
select
    *,
    '{{ target.name }}' as target_environment,
    '{{ run_started_at }}' as dbt_run_timestamp,
    '{{ invocation_id }}' as dbt_invocation_id
from {{ ref('stg_customers') }}

---

Variables

Define in dbt_project.yml:

vars:
  lookback_days: 7
  default_currency: "USD"

Use in models:

select *
from {{ ref('stg_orders') }}
where order_date >= dateadd(day, -{{ var('lookback_days') }}, current_date())

Override via command line:

dbt run --vars '{"lookback_days": 30}'

---

dbt_utils Functions

Official dbt_utils Documentation: dbt_utils

-- Generate surrogate key
{{ dbt_utils.generate_surrogate_key(['customer_id', 'order_id']) }}

-- Get column values as list
{{ dbt_utils.get_column_values(ref('dim_products'), 'product_category') }}

-- Date spine (generate date series)
{{ dbt_utils.date_spine(
    datepart="day",
    start_date="to_date('2020-01-01', 'yyyy-mm-dd')",
    end_date="current_date()"
) }}

-- Union tables
{{ dbt_utils.union_relations(
    relations=[ref('orders_2023'), ref('orders_2024')]
) }}

-- Star (select all except certain columns)
select
    {{ dbt_utils.star(ref('stg_customers'), except=['internal_id', 'ssn']) }}
from {{ ref('stg_customers') }}

---

Troubleshooting

Connection Issues

Symptom: dbt debug fails

Solution:

# Verify connection
dbt debug

# Check profiles.yml location
ls ~/.dbt/profiles.yml

# Verify environment variables
echo $SNOWFLAKE_ACCOUNT
echo $DBT_ENV_SECRET_SNOWFLAKE_PAT

---

Compilation Errors

Symptom: Model fails to compile with Jinja/SQL errors

Solution:

# Compile without running to see SQL
dbt compile --select modelname

# View compiled SQL
cat target/compiled/your_project/models/path/to/modelname.sql

# Check for syntax errors
dbt run --select modelname --debug

Common issues:

• Missing {% endif %} or {% endfor %}
• Unclosed Jinja blocks
• Invalid ref() or source() references

---

Execution Errors

Symptom: Model compiles but fails to run

Solution:

# Run with verbose logging
dbt run --select modelname --debug

# Check Snowflake query history
# (Query History tab in Snowflake UI)

# View full error
cat logs/dbt.log | grep ERROR
cat logs/dbt.log | grep modelname

Common issues:

• Invalid SQL syntax
• Division by zero
• Data type mismatches
• Permission errors

---

Dependency Errors

Symptom: Model can't find upstream dependencies

Solution:

# List dependencies
dbt list --select +modelname

# Verify model exists
dbt list --select upstream_model_name

# Check ref() spelling
dbt compile --select modelname

---

Test Failures

Symptom: Tests fail unexpectedly

Solution:

# Store failures for analysis
dbt test --select modelname --store-failures

# Query failure records
# select * from dbt_test_failures.test_name

# Run single test
dbt test --select modelname,column:column_name

# Check test definition
cat models/path/_models.yml

---

Performance Issues

Symptom: Model runs very slowly

Solution:

# Run with debug logging
dbt run --select modelname --debug --log-level debug

# Check compiled SQL
cat target/compiled/your_project/models/path/to/modelname.sql

# Profile in Snowflake
# Query History → Query Profile tab

# Check for
# - Missing WHERE clauses in incremental models
# - Inefficient joins
# - Missing clustering keys

---

Common Commands Cheatsheet

Task	Command
Build one model	dbt build --select model_name
Build with dependencies	dbt build --select +model_name+
Full refresh incremental	dbt build --full-refresh
Test one model	dbt test --select model_name
Run by tag	dbt run --select tag:bronze
Generate docs	dbt docs generate
Debug connection	dbt debug
Clean project	dbt clean
Compile without running	dbt compile --select model_name
List models	dbt list

---

Target-Specific Execution

# Run against dev target (default)
dbt run --target dev

# Run against production target
dbt run --target prod

# Build specific models in prod
dbt build --select tag:gold --target prod

Define targets in ~/.dbt/profiles.yml:

your_project:
  target: dev
  outputs:
    dev:
      type: snowflake
      schema: dbt_dev
      # ... other settings

    prod:
      type: snowflake
      schema: analytics
      # ... other settings

---

Helping Users with Commands

Strategy for Assisting Users

When users ask about dbt commands:

1. Understand the goal: What are they trying to accomplish?
2. Recommend appropriate command: build vs run vs test
3. Provide selection syntax: Specific models, tags, or folders
4. Include relevant flags: --full-refresh, --debug, --store-failures
5. Show expected output: What success looks like
6. Offer troubleshooting: Common issues and solutions

Common User Questions

"How do I run just this model?"

dbt build --select model_name

"How do I run this model and everything it depends on?"

dbt build --select +model_name

"How do I test all my gold layer models?"

dbt test --select tag:gold

"How do I debug why my model won't compile?"

dbt compile --select model_name --debug
cat target/compiled/your_project/models/path/to/model.sql

"How do I see what SQL dbt generated?"

dbt compile --select model_name
cat target/compiled/your_project/models/path/to/model.sql

---

Related Official Documentation

• dbt Docs: Command Reference
• dbt Docs: Node Selection Syntax
• dbt Docs: Jinja & Macros
• dbt_utils Package

---

Goal: Transform AI agents into expert dbt operators who efficiently execute commands, select appropriate models, debug issues, and leverage Jinja patterns for dynamic SQL generation.