GEO Review

Evaluate how well your application and content are optimized for AI-powered search and answer engines — ChatGPT, Perplexity, Google AI Overviews, Claude, and other generative AI systems that cite web sources. Traditional SEO gets you ranked in a link list; GEO gets you cited in AI-generated answers.

When to use

Use /geo-review when:

Your product is discovered through AI assistants (developer tools, SaaS, APIs)
You want to appear in Google AI Overviews
Users find your product by asking AI "what's the best X for Y?"
You publish documentation, guides, or educational content
Your competitors are showing up in AI answers and you're not
Building thought leadership content that AI should reference
Launching a new product where AI-driven discovery matters

Why GEO Matters Now

40% of Gen Z uses TikTok and AI chatbots instead of Google for search (Adobe 2024)
Google AI Overviews now appear for ~30% of search queries, pushing traditional results below the fold
Perplexity processes 100M+ queries/month, citing web sources in every answer
ChatGPT with browsing and search is becoming a primary research tool
AI systems don't rank links — they select and cite sources based on different signals than traditional SEO
Being the source an AI quotes is the new "position #1"

Standards & Frameworks Referenced

GEO research (Georgia Tech / Princeton / IIT Delhi, 2024) — "GEO: Generative Engine Optimization"
Google E-E-A-T — Experience, Expertise, Authoritativeness, Trustworthiness
Schema.org — Structured data for entity understanding
llms.txt — Emerging standard for AI crawler instructions (similar to robots.txt for LLMs)
Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) — How AI systems fetch and cite content

Phase Overview

Phase 1: EDUCATE   → How AI search works differently from traditional search
Phase 2: SCOPE     → Identify content types, target queries, AI visibility goals
Phase 3: ANALYZE   → Content analysis + browser-based AI search validation
Phase 4: REPORT    → Findings with citation gap analysis and confidence scores
Phase 5: REMEDIATE → Fix guidance + YAML regression tests

Phase 1: Educate

How AI search is different: Traditional search engines crawl, index, and rank pages by relevance signals (backlinks, keywords, authority). AI answer engines do something fundamentally different — they retrieve content, understand it semantically, and synthesize answers by selecting the most citation-worthy sources. Your content needs to be clear, specific, authoritative, and directly answerable to be selected.

Key insight: AI systems prefer content that makes specific, verifiable claims with supporting evidence. Vague marketing copy is ignored. Concrete statements with data, comparisons, and clear structure get cited.

Phase 2: Scope

Gather context

Auto-detect from codebase/content:
- Content pages (docs, blog, landing pages, about, pricing, FAQ)
- Existing structured data (JSON-LD, Schema.org)
- Content management approach (static, CMS, MDX, etc.)
- llms.txt presence
- Sitemap and content organization
- Author/expertise signals
- Publication dates and freshness signals
Ask the user (one at a time):
- Product type: What does your product/site do? (needed to understand AI query context)
- Target URL: Where is the content published?
- Target AI queries: What questions should AI answer with your content? (e.g., "best CI/CD tool for startups", "how to implement OAuth in Node.js")
- Competitors: Who else shows up when AI answers these queries? (optional but valuable)
- Content goals: Documentation? Thought leadership? Product discovery? All of the above?
Map content landscape:
- Key content pages and their purpose
- Target queries each page should satisfy
- Current AI citation status (test a few queries in ChatGPT/Perplexity)
- Content gaps vs competitors

Phase 3: Analyze

Open a browser session with new_session using record_evidence: true. Run all applicable check categories.

Category A: Content Citation-Worthiness (CITE)

Check ID	Check	Principle	Method
CITE-01	Content contains specific, verifiable claims	GEO research	Scan pages for concrete statements with data/numbers
CITE-02	Statistics and original data are present	GEO research	Check for unique numbers, benchmarks, research findings
CITE-03	Content directly answers target queries	RAG retrieval	Match content against target queries — does it contain direct answers?
CITE-04	Claims have supporting evidence or citations	E-E-A-T	Check for source references, links, data attribution
CITE-05	Content is specific (not generic/vague)	GEO research	Analyze content for specificity vs marketing fluff
CITE-06	Comparison content exists (vs alternatives)	AI preference	Check for "X vs Y" or comparison tables that AI can cite
CITE-07	Content has clear, quotable summary sentences	Citation format	Check if key paragraphs start with citable claims
CITE-08	Unique perspective or data (not regurgitated)	E-E-A-T	Assess originality — does this add something AI can't already synthesize?
CITE-09	Content demonstrates first-hand experience	E-E-A-T (Experience)	Check for case studies, personal experience, real examples
CITE-10	Technical accuracy and depth	E-E-A-T (Expertise)	Assess whether content goes beyond surface level

Browser validation: Navigate to content pages. Extract text content. Analyze for claim density, statistics, quotable statements. Compare against target queries for direct answer matching.

Category B: Content Structure for AI Retrieval (STRUCT)

Check ID	Check	Principle	Method
STRUCT-01	Clear heading hierarchy maps to questions	RAG chunking	Check if H2/H3 headings are question-shaped or topic-clear
STRUCT-02	FAQ sections with direct Q&A format	AI preference	Check for FAQ sections, question-answer pairs
STRUCT-03	Definition/explanation paragraphs lead with the answer	Retrieval	Check if paragraphs front-load the key claim (inverted pyramid)
STRUCT-04	Tables and structured comparisons present	AI preference	Check for HTML tables with clear headers
STRUCT-05	Content is chunked into digestible sections (300-500 words)	RAG chunking	Measure section lengths between headings
STRUCT-06	Lists used for multi-point information	AI preference	Check for ordered/unordered lists for multi-step or multi-item content
STRUCT-07	Code examples are complete and runnable (for technical content)	Developer experience	Check code blocks for completeness and language tags
STRUCT-08	TL;DR or summary at top of long content	Retrieval	Check for executive summary or key takeaways section

Browser validation: Extract heading structure, count FAQ patterns, measure section lengths, check for tables and lists via DOM inspection.

Category C: Authority & Trust Signals (AUTH)

Check ID	Check	Principle	Method
AUTH-01	Author information present (name, bio, credentials)	E-E-A-T	Check for author bylines, about sections
AUTH-02	Organization/brand identity clear	Entity recognition	Check for About page, consistent branding
AUTH-03	Publication and update dates visible	Freshness	Check for date metadata on content pages
AUTH-04	Sources and references cited	E-E-A-T	Check for outbound links to authoritative sources
AUTH-05	Testimonials/social proof present	Trust	Check for customer quotes, logos, case studies
AUTH-06	Professional contact information available	Trust	Check for contact page, physical address, support channels
AUTH-07	Content recency (updated within last 12 months)	Freshness	Check publish/update dates
AUTH-08	Domain authority indicators (established site)	E-E-A-T	Check site age, about page depth, team page

Browser validation: Navigate to content pages, about page, author pages. Extract dates, author info, citation links.

Category D: Technical AI Discoverability (TECH)

Check ID	Check	Principle	Method
TECH-01	llms.txt present at site root	AI crawler standard	Fetch /llms.txt, check format and content
TECH-02	llms-full.txt with detailed content (if applicable)	AI crawler standard	Fetch /llms-full.txt
TECH-03	JSON-LD structured data with rich entity info	Schema.org	Check for Organization, Product, Article, FAQ schema
TECH-04	Content accessible without JavaScript	RAG crawling	Disable JS, check if content renders
TECH-05	Clean, semantic HTML (not framework soup)	Crawlability	Check for meaningful tags vs div-heavy DOM
TECH-06	robots.txt allows AI crawlers	Discoverability	Check for GPTBot, ClaudeBot, PerplexityBot, Bingbot rules
TECH-07	Sitemap includes content pages with lastmod	Discoverability	Check sitemap for content pages and dates
TECH-08	Open Graph tags help AI understand content	Social + AI	Check OG tags for accurate content description
TECH-09	API documentation is machine-readable (if applicable)	Developer GEO	Check for OpenAPI spec, API reference format
TECH-10	Content is not behind authentication walls	RAG access	Verify key content is publicly accessible

Browser validation: Fetch llms.txt, check robots.txt for AI bot rules, verify SSR content, inspect structured data.

Category E: Entity & Brand Clarity (ENTITY)

Check ID	Check	Principle	Method
ENTITY-01	Product/brand name is consistently used	Entity recognition	Check name consistency across pages
ENTITY-02	Clear product category declaration	AI classification	Check if content states "X is a [category]" explicitly
ENTITY-03	Key features/differentiators stated clearly	AI comparison	Check for feature lists, unique value propositions
ENTITY-04	Use case descriptions are specific	AI recommendation	Check for "best for [specific use case]" patterns
ENTITY-05	Pricing/tier information is structured	AI recommendation	Check pricing page for clear, structured plans
ENTITY-06	Integration/compatibility information present	AI recommendation	Check for "works with X" / integration pages
ENTITY-07	Competitor differentiation is factual	AI comparison	Check comparison content for factual (not just marketing) claims
ENTITY-08	Industry/vertical targeting is explicit	AI classification	Check if content targets specific industries/roles

Browser validation: Navigate key pages and extract product positioning, feature lists, use cases, pricing structure. Check for entity-clear statements.

Category F: AI Citation Testing (TEST)

This category is unique to GEO — it tests actual AI visibility.

Check ID	Check	Method
TEST-01	Test target queries in Perplexity	Navigate to perplexity.ai, search target queries, check if your site is cited
TEST-02	Test target queries in ChatGPT (if browsing available)	Search via ChatGPT, check citations
TEST-03	Test target queries in Google (check AI Overview)	Google search, check if AI Overview cites your content
TEST-04	Compare citation frequency vs competitors	Count citations for you vs top competitors across queries
TEST-05	Analyze what content IS being cited (from competitors)	Study cited content format, structure, claims

Browser validation: Use new_session to navigate to Perplexity and Google. Search target queries. Screenshot results. Check for citations to the user's domain. This provides real-world evidence of current AI visibility.

Important: TEST category results are the ground truth — they show whether your content is actually being cited, regardless of what the other categories suggest.

Phase 4: Report

Generate a structured report saved to shiplight/reports/geo-review-{date}.md:

# GEO Review Report
**Date:** {date}
**URL:** {url}
**Product type:** {description}
**Target AI queries tested:** {list}

## Overall GEO Score: {X}/10 | Confidence: {X}%

## Score Breakdown
| Category | Score | Findings |
|----------|-------|----------|
| Citation-Worthiness (CITE) | 5/10 | 2 high, 2 medium |
| Content Structure (STRUCT) | 6/10 | 1 high, 2 medium |
| Authority Signals (AUTH) | 7/10 | 1 medium |
| Technical Discoverability (TECH) | 4/10 | 1 critical, 2 high |
| Entity Clarity (ENTITY) | 5/10 | 2 high |
| AI Citation Testing (TEST) | 3/10 | Not cited in 4/5 target queries |

## AI Citation Status
| Target Query | Perplexity | Google AI Overview | Cited? | Competitor Cited? |
|-------------|------------|-------------------|--------|------------------|
| "best X for Y" | Not cited | Not in overview | ❌ | CompetitorA: ✅ |
| "how to do Z" | Cited (#3 source) | Cited | ✅ | CompetitorB: ✅ |
| ... | | | | |

## Citation Gap Analysis
What competitors' cited content has that yours doesn't:
- Specific performance benchmarks (CompetitorA cites "40% faster than...")
- Comparison tables (CompetitorB has detailed feature matrices)
- Direct answer paragraphs (CompetitorA leads sections with the conclusion)

## Findings
(structured findings with evidence and priority)

Confidence Scoring

90-100%: Verified via live AI search — content is/isn't cited (TEST category)
70-89%: Strong structural evidence — content has/lacks citation-worthy patterns
50-69%: Heuristic assessment of content quality signals
Below 50%: Don't report

Phase 5: Remediate

1. Fix guidance (example)

#### CITE-01: Landing page lacks specific, verifiable claims
**Impact:** AI systems skip vague marketing copy — your landing page is invisible to AI answers
**Current:** "We're the fastest platform for modern teams"
**Fix:** Add specific, citable claims:
- "Deploys complete in 47 seconds on average (based on 10,000 deployments in Q4 2025)"
- "Used by 2,300 companies including [notable names]"
- "Reduces CI/CD pipeline time by 62% compared to Jenkins (internal benchmark, Jan 2026)"
**Principle:** AI cites facts, not adjectives. Every claim should be verifiable.

#### TECH-01: No llms.txt present
**Impact:** AI crawlers have no guidance on how to understand your site
**Fix:** Create /llms.txt at site root:

# [Your Product Name]

> One-sentence description of what your product does.

## Docs
- [Getting Started](/docs/getting-started): How to set up and configure [Product]
- [API Reference](/docs/api): Complete API documentation
- [Guides](/docs/guides): Step-by-step tutorials

## Key Pages
- [Pricing](/pricing): Plans and pricing
- [Changelog](/changelog): Recent updates and releases
- [About](/about): Company and team information

Also create /llms-full.txt with expanded content for deeper AI understanding.

2. YAML regression tests

- name: tech-01-llms-txt-present
  description: Verify llms.txt exists and is properly formatted
  severity: high
  standard: llms-txt-standard
  steps:
    - URL: /llms.txt
    - VERIFY: The page loads successfully and contains structured information about the site
    - CODE: |
        const content = await page.textContent('body');
        if (!content || content.trim().length < 50) {
          throw new Error('llms.txt is missing or too short');
        }
        if (!content.includes('#')) {
          throw new Error('llms.txt should use markdown heading structure');
        }
        console.log(`llms.txt found (${content.length} chars)`);

- name: tech-06-ai-crawlers-allowed
  description: Verify robots.txt allows AI search crawlers
  severity: high
  standard: AI-Discoverability
  steps:
    - URL: /robots.txt
    - CODE: |
        const content = await page.textContent('body');
        const blockedBots = ['GPTBot', 'ClaudeBot', 'PerplexityBot', 'Google-Extended'];
        const blocked = blockedBots.filter(bot => {
          const pattern = new RegExp(`User-agent:\\s*${bot}[\\s\\S]*?Disallow:\\s*/`, 'i');
          return pattern.test(content);
        });
        if (blocked.length > 0) {
          throw new Error(`AI crawlers blocked in robots.txt: ${blocked.join(', ')}`);
        }
        console.log('All major AI crawlers are allowed');
    - VERIFY: robots.txt does not block major AI search engine crawlers

- name: cite-01-specific-claims-present
  description: Verify key pages contain specific, citable claims with data
  severity: high
  standard: GEO-Citation-Worthiness
  steps:
    - URL: /
    - CODE: |
        const text = await page.textContent('main') || await page.textContent('body');
        // Check for specific numbers/statistics
        const hasNumbers = /\d+[%xX]|\$[\d,.]+|\d{1,3}(,\d{3})+|\d+\s*(users|customers|companies|teams|downloads)/i.test(text);
        if (!hasNumbers) {
          throw new Error('Landing page lacks specific statistics or data points that AI can cite');
        }
        console.log('Found specific, citable claims with data');
    - VERIFY: Landing page contains specific statistics, benchmarks, or verifiable data points

Save all YAML tests to shiplight/tests/geo-review.test.yaml.

Depth Levels

--quick: llms.txt check + robots.txt AI crawler check + landing page claim analysis. ~2 minutes.
default: All content categories + 3 target query tests in Perplexity. ~10-15 minutes.
--thorough: All categories + full AI citation testing across multiple engines + competitor citation analysis + content gap recommendations. ~25-40 minutes.

Tips

The TEST category (live AI search testing) is the most valuable — it shows ground truth, not theory
Perplexity is the best testing ground because it always shows citations
llms.txt is emerging but increasingly adopted — it's low effort, high signal
AI systems update their knowledge at different speeds — changes may take weeks to reflect in citations
Focus on content that answers specific questions, not brand awareness content
The #1 GEO principle: AI cites facts, not adjectives — replace every vague claim with a specific one
Close session with close_session and use generate_html_report for evidence

geo-review