Accelerate Data

Data acceleration materializes working sets of data locally, reducing query latency from seconds to milliseconds. Hot data gets materialized for instant access while cold data remains federated.

Unlike traditional caches that store query results, Spice accelerates entire datasets with configurable refresh strategies and the flexible compute of an embedded database.

Enable Acceleration

datasets:
  - from: postgres:my_table
    name: my_table
    acceleration:
      enabled: true
      engine: duckdb # arrow, duckdb, sqlite, cayenne, postgres, turso
      mode: memory # memory or file
      refresh_check_interval: 1h

Choosing an Engine

Use Case	Engine	Why
Small datasets (<1 GB), max speed	arrow	In-memory, lowest latency
Medium datasets (1-100 GB), complex SQL	duckdb	Mature SQL, memory management
Large datasets (100 GB-1+ TB), analytics	cayenne	Built on Vortex (Linux Foundation), 10-20x faster scans
Point lookups on large datasets	cayenne	100x faster random access vs Parquet
Simple queries, low resource usage	sqlite	Lightweight, minimal overhead
Async operations, concurrent workloads	turso	Native async, modern connection pooling
External database integration	postgres	Leverage existing PostgreSQL infra

Cayenne vs DuckDB

Choose Cayenne when datasets exceed ~1 TB, multi-file ingestion is needed, or point lookups are common. Choose DuckDB when datasets are under ~1 TB, complex SQL (window functions, CTEs) is needed, or DuckDB tooling is beneficial.

Supported Engines

Engine	Mode	Status
arrow	memory	Stable
duckdb	memory, file	Stable
sqlite	memory, file	Release Candidate
cayenne	file	Beta
postgres	N/A (attached)	Release Candidate
turso	memory, file	Beta

Refresh Modes

Mode	Description	Use Case
full	Complete dataset replacement on each refresh	Small, slowly-changing datasets
append (batch)	Adds new records based on a time_column	Append-only logs, time-series data
append (stream)	Continuous streaming without time column	Real-time event streams (Kafka, Debezium)
changes	CDC-based incremental updates via Debezium or DynamoDB Streams	Frequently updated transactional data
caching	Request-based row-level caching	API responses, HTTP endpoints

# Full refresh every 8 hours
acceleration:
  refresh_mode: full
  refresh_check_interval: 8h

# Append mode: check for new records from the last day every 10 minutes
acceleration:
  refresh_mode: append
  time_column: created_at
  refresh_check_interval: 10m
  refresh_data_window: 1d

# Continuous ingestion using Kafka
acceleration:
  refresh_mode: append

# CDC with Debezium or DynamoDB Streams
acceleration:
  refresh_mode: changes

Common Configurations

In-Memory with Interval Refresh

acceleration:
  enabled: true
  engine: arrow
  refresh_check_interval: 5m

File-Based with Append and Time Window

datasets:
  - from: postgres:events
    name: events
    time_column: created_at
    acceleration:
      enabled: true
      engine: duckdb
      mode: file
      refresh_mode: append
      refresh_check_interval: 1h
      refresh_data_window: 7d

Retention Policies

Prevent unbounded growth of accelerated datasets. Spice supports time-based and custom SQL-based retention:

Time-Based Retention

acceleration:
  enabled: true
  engine: duckdb
  retention_check_enabled: true
  retention_period: 30d
  retention_check_interval: 1h

SQL-Based Retention

acceleration:
  retention_check_enabled: true
  retention_check_interval: 1h
  retention_sql: "DELETE FROM logs WHERE status = 'archived'"

Constraints and Indexes

acceleration:
  enabled: true
  engine: duckdb
  primary_key: order_id # Creates non-null unique index
  indexes:
    customer_id: enabled # Single column index
    '(created_at, status)': unique # Multi-column unique index

Snapshots

Bootstrap file-based accelerations from S3 or filesystem snapshots on startup. Dramatically reduces cold-start latency in distributed deployments.

snapshots:
  enabled: true
  location: s3://my_bucket/snapshots/
  bootstrap_on_failure_behavior: warn # warn | retry | fallback
  params:
    s3_auth: iam_role

Per-dataset opt-in:

acceleration:
  enabled: true
  engine: duckdb
  mode: file
  snapshots:
    enabled: true

Snapshot triggers vary by refresh mode:

• refresh_complete: After each refresh (full and batch-append modes)
• time_interval: On a fixed schedule (all refresh modes)
• stream_batches: After every N batches (streaming modes: Kafka, Debezium, DynamoDB Streams)

Engine-Specific Parameters

DuckDB

acceleration:
  engine: duckdb
  mode: file
  params:
    duckdb_file: ./data/cache.db

SQLite

acceleration:
  engine: sqlite
  mode: file
  params:
    sqlite_file: ./data/cache.sqlite

Memory Considerations

When using mode: memory (default), the dataset is loaded into RAM. Ensure sufficient memory including overhead for queries and the runtime. Use mode: file for duckdb, sqlite, turso, or cayenne to avoid memory pressure.

Documentation

• Data Acceleration
• Data Accelerators
• Refresh Modes
• Retention
• Constraints
• Indexes
• Snapshots