Active Record Callbacks

Hook into the lifecycle of Active Record objects — but only when it's the right tool.

When To Use This Skill

• Adding or modifying model callbacks (before_save, after_create, after_commit, etc.)
• Deciding whether logic belongs in a callback vs a service object
• Debugging unexpected callback behavior or ordering issues
• Implementing transaction-safe side effects (after_commit patterns)
• Halting the callback chain or suppressing callbacks

The Golden Rule

Callbacks are for model-intrinsic concerns ONLY. If the logic wouldn't make sense as a column default or database constraint, it probably doesn't belong in a callback.

✅ USE Callbacks For

• Setting defaults — before_validation :set_default_role
• Normalizing data — before_save :strip_whitespace, before_save :downcase_email
• Deriving values — before_save :calculate_total_from_line_items
• Generating tokens/slugs — before_create :generate_uuid
• Maintaining counter caches — when Rails built-in isn't enough
• Touching timestamps — simple updated_at propagation
• Cleaning up owned resources — after_destroy_commit :delete_file_from_storage

❌ DO NOT USE Callbacks For

• Sending emails → Service object or after_commit + job at minimum
• Calling external APIs → Service object
• Creating other records → Service object
• Complex business logic → Service object
• Anything conditional on context → Service object (callbacks don't know WHY save was called)
• Enqueuing jobs → Use after_commit, never after_save (data may not be committed yet)
• Authorization checks → Controller/policy layer
• Logging business events → Service object or after_commit

Why This Matters

Callbacks are the #1 source of Rails spaghetti. They:

• Run on EVERY save, even when you don't want them to
• Create invisible coupling (saving User sends an email?!)
• Make debugging nightmarish (callback chains are hard to trace)
• Break in bulk operations (update_all skips them entirely)
• Cause test fragility (every test that saves a record triggers the whole chain)

When in doubt, use a service object. You can always extract INTO a callback later if it truly is model-intrinsic. Extracting OUT of a callback is much harder.

Lifecycle Order

Creating a Record

before_validation
after_validation
before_save
around_save
  before_create
  around_create
    [INSERT]
  around_create (after yield)
  after_create
around_save (after yield)
after_save
after_commit / after_rollback

Updating a Record

before_validation
after_validation
before_save
around_save
  before_update
  around_update
    [UPDATE]
  around_update (after yield)
  after_update
around_save (after yield)
after_save
after_commit / after_rollback

Destroying a Record

before_destroy
around_destroy
  [DELETE]
around_destroy (after yield)
after_destroy
after_commit / after_rollback

Key insight: before_save/after_save wrap BOTH create and update. They always run before/after the more specific before_create/after_create or before_update/after_update.

Instructions

Step 1: Ask "Should This Be a Callback?"

Apply the intrinsic test: Would this logic need to run regardless of WHERE or WHY the record is being saved?

• Normalizing an email address? Yes — always lowercase it → callback
• Sending a welcome email? No — only on signup, not admin edits → service object
• Setting a UUID? Yes — always needs one → callback
• Notifying Slack? No — depends on context → service object

If the answer involves "only when..." or "except when..." — it's probably NOT a callback. Conditional callbacks (if: / unless:) are a code smell that the logic doesn't belong here.

Step 2: Choose the Right Hook

Need	Hook	Why
Set defaults before validation	before_validation	Values available for validation
Normalize/derive data	before_save	Runs on both create and update
Set values only on first create	before_create	Won't run on updates
React after DB write (in transaction)	after_save / after_create / after_update	Data saved but transaction may rollback
React after DB commit (safe)	after_commit / after_create_commit	Transaction committed — safe for jobs, external calls
Clean up on delete	after_destroy_commit	Record is truly gone
Prevent save/destroy	before_save / before_destroy + throw :abort	Halts the chain

Critical rule: If your callback talks to ANYTHING outside the database (APIs, job queues, file systems, mailers), use after_commit, not after_save. Data inside after_save may be rolled back.

Step 3: Registration

Prefer private methods with macro-style registration:

class User < ApplicationRecord
  before_validation :normalize_email
  before_create :generate_api_token

  private

  def normalize_email
    self.email = email&.strip&.downcase
  end

  def generate_api_token
    self.api_token = SecureRandom.hex(32)
  end
end

Use blocks only for true one-liners:

class User < ApplicationRecord
  before_save { self.email = email&.downcase }
end

Never use lambda/proc style — it's harder to read and test:

# Don't do this
before_save ->(user) { user.email = user.email&.downcase }

Step 4: Conditional Callbacks (Use Sparingly)

If you need a conditional callback, prefer :if / :unless with a symbol:

class Order < ApplicationRecord
  before_save :normalize_card_number, if: :paid_with_card?
  before_save :apply_discount, unless: :promotional?
end

Multiple conditions (all must pass):

before_save :archive_data, if: [:completed?, :older_than_90_days?]

Code smell alert: If you have more than one condition, or complex proc conditions, the logic almost certainly belongs in a service object instead.

Step 5: Halting the Chain

Use throw :abort to prevent the operation:

class Account < ApplicationRecord
  before_destroy :ensure_no_active_subscriptions

  private

  def ensure_no_active_subscriptions
    if subscriptions.active.any?
      errors.add(:base, "Cannot delete account with active subscriptions")
      throw :abort
    end
  end
end

Behavior of throw :abort:

• save → returns false
• save! → raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotSaved
• destroy → returns false
• destroy! → raises ActiveRecord::RecordNotDestroyed

Never raise exceptions in callbacks to halt execution. Use throw :abort.

Step 6: Transaction Callbacks (after_commit)

The most important callback distinction in Rails:

Hook	When it runs	Transaction state	Safe for external calls?
after_save	After INSERT/UPDATE	Still in transaction	❌ NO — may rollback
after_commit	After COMMIT	Committed	✅ YES
after_rollback	After ROLLBACK	Rolled back	N/A

Convenience aliases (prefer these):

class User < ApplicationRecord
  after_create_commit :send_welcome_email_job
  after_update_commit :sync_to_crm_job
  after_destroy_commit :cleanup_storage
  after_save_commit :broadcast_changes  # create OR update
end

Gotcha — after_create_commit + after_update_commit with same method name:

# BUG: Only after_update_commit will fire — they alias to after_commit internally
after_create_commit :log_change
after_update_commit :log_change  # This overwrites the create one!

# FIX: Use after_save_commit for both
after_save_commit :log_change

Gotcha — after_commit runs once per record per transaction:

User.transaction do
  user.update!(name: "First")
  user.update!(name: "Second")
end
# after_commit fires ONCE, not twice

Step 7: Skipping Callbacks

These methods bypass callbacks entirely:

• update_column / update_columns — single record, no callbacks/validations
• update_all — bulk update, no callbacks
• delete / delete_all / delete_by — no callbacks (vs destroy which fires them)
• insert / insert_all / upsert / upsert_all — bulk insert, no callbacks
• increment! / decrement! — counter updates, no callbacks
• touch_all — bulk touch, no callbacks

Use these intentionally when you know callbacks aren't needed (e.g., counter updates, bulk data migrations).

Step 8: around_* Callbacks

Wrap the operation with yield:

class User < ApplicationRecord
  around_save :benchmark_save

  private

  def benchmark_save
    start = Time.current
    yield  # The actual save happens here
    duration = Time.current - start
    Rails.logger.info("User#save took #{duration}s")
  end
end

Avoid around_* callbacks unless you genuinely need to wrap the operation (benchmarking, custom transaction handling). They add complexity and are harder to reason about.

Step 9: Callback Objects (For Reuse)

Extract into a class when the same callback logic applies to multiple models:

class NormalizeBlankToNil
  def self.before_save(record)
    record.attributes.each do |key, value|
      record[key] = nil if value.is_a?(String) && value.blank?
    end
  end
end

class User < ApplicationRecord
  before_save NormalizeBlankToNil
end

class Post < ApplicationRecord
  before_save NormalizeBlankToNil
end

Class methods (shown above) don't need instantiation. Use instance methods only if the callback object needs its own state.

Step 10: before_destroy Ordering With dependent:

class User < ApplicationRecord
  # ⚠️ WRONG ORDER — children deleted before callback runs
  has_many :posts, dependent: :destroy
  before_destroy :check_can_delete

  # ✅ CORRECT — use prepend: true so callback runs first
  has_many :posts, dependent: :destroy
  before_destroy :check_can_delete, prepend: true

  # ✅ ALSO CORRECT — declare callback before association
  before_destroy :check_can_delete
  has_many :posts, dependent: :destroy
end

Anti-Patterns

1. The God Callback

# ❌ TERRIBLE — does way too much
after_create :setup_everything

def setup_everything
  send_welcome_email
  create_default_workspace
  sync_to_stripe
  notify_admin_slack
  enqueue_onboarding_drip
end

→ Use a UserRegistrationService instead.

2. Conditional Spaghetti

# ❌ Code smell — context-dependent logic
after_save :maybe_notify, if: -> { 
  saved_change_to_status? && status == "published" && !importing? && !admin_edit? 
}

→ Move to PublishPostService that explicitly calls notification.

3. Callback-Driven Architecture

# ❌ "Saving a record" triggers a Rube Goldberg machine
after_save :update_cache
after_save :recalculate_totals
after_save :sync_search_index
after_save :notify_subscribers
after_save :update_analytics

→ Most of these belong in service objects or async jobs triggered explicitly.

4. Using after_save for External Calls

# ❌ DANGEROUS — transaction may rollback after email is sent
after_save :send_notification_email

# ✅ SAFE — only fires after commit
after_commit :send_notification_email, on: :create

Suppressing Callbacks

Use ActiveRecord::Suppressor to temporarily prevent saves of a specific model:

Notification.suppress do
  User.create!(name: "Test") # Won't create notifications even if after_create does
end

Use sparingly — this is a testing/seeding tool, not production logic.

Reference

For detailed patterns, examples, edge cases, and the complete callback lifecycle, see reference.md in this skill directory.