CDN/WAF Fingerprinter Skill

Purpose

Identify Content Delivery Networks (CDNs), Web Application Firewalls (WAFs), and DDoS protection services from HTTP headers, DNS records, and TLS fingerprints.

Input

Raw signals from Phase 2:

• http_signals - CDN/WAF-specific headers, cookies
• dns_signals - CDN CNAME delegations
• ip_signals - CDN IP ranges
• tls_signals - JARM fingerprints, certificate issuers

Technology Categories

Content Delivery Networks

CDN	Detection Signals	Weight
Cloudflare	CF-RAY header, cf-* cookies, cloudflare-nginx server	45
Akamai	X-Akamai-, Akamai- headers, akamaiedge.net CNAME	45
Fastly	X-Served-By: cache-*, Fastly headers	45
AWS CloudFront	X-Amz-Cf-Id, cloudfront.net CNAME	45
Azure CDN	X-Azure-Ref, azureedge.net CNAME	40
Google Cloud CDN	Via: google, X-GFE-* headers	40
Cloudinary	cloudinary.com URLs	35
imgix	imgix.net URLs	35
KeyCDN	X-Edge-IP, keycdn.com	35
StackPath	X-HW headers, stackpath.com	35
BunnyCDN	X-Bunny-* headers	35

Web Application Firewalls

WAF	Detection Signals	Weight
Cloudflare WAF	CF-RAY, cf_clearance cookie	40
AWS WAF	X-Amz-Cf-Id with WAF rules	35
Akamai Kona	Akamai-* WAF headers	40
Imperva/Incapsula	X-Iinfo, incap_ses_* cookies	45
Sucuri	X-Sucuri-ID, sucuri.net	40
ModSecurity	Server: Apache + ModSecurity patterns	35
F5 BIG-IP	BIGipServer cookie	40
Barracuda	barra_counter_session cookie	35
Fortinet FortiWeb	FORTIWAFSID cookie	40

DDoS Protection

Service	Detection Signals	Weight
Cloudflare	CF-RAY, __cf_bm cookie	40
AWS Shield	CloudFront + Shield indicators	35
Akamai Prolexic	Akamai headers	35
Arbor Networks	Specific patterns	30
Project Shield	Google infrastructure	35

Bot Management

Service	Detection Signals	Weight
Cloudflare Bot Management	__cf_bm cookie	40
PerimeterX	_px* cookies	40
DataDome	datadome cookie	40
Shape Security	Shape patterns	35
Kasada	Kasada patterns	35
Arkose Labs	Arkose patterns	35

Detection Patterns

Cloudflare

{
  "headers": {
    "CF-RAY": true,
    "CF-Cache-Status": true,
    "Server": "cloudflare"
  },
  "cookies": [
    "__cfduid",
    "cf_clearance",
    "__cf_bm"
  ],
  "cname_patterns": [
    "cdn.cloudflare.net"
  ],
  "ip_ranges": "103.21.244.0/22, 103.22.200.0/22, ...",
  "jarm_hash": "29d29d15d29d29d00042d42d000000cd19c7d2c21d91e77fcb9e7a8d6d1d8c"
}

Akamai

{
  "headers": {
    "X-Akamai-Transformed": true,
    "X-Akamai-Session-Info": true,
    "X-Akamai-Pragma-Client-IP": true,
    "Akamai-Origin-Hop": true
  },
  "cname_patterns": [
    "edgekey.net",
    "edgesuite.net",
    "akamaiedge.net",
    "akamaized.net"
  ]
}

Fastly

{
  "headers": {
    "X-Served-By": "cache-",
    "X-Cache": true,
    "X-Cache-Hits": true,
    "Fastly-Debug-Digest": true,
    "X-Timer": true
  },
  "cname_patterns": [
    "fastly.net",
    "fastlylb.net"
  ]
}

AWS CloudFront

{
  "headers": {
    "X-Amz-Cf-Id": true,
    "X-Amz-Cf-Pop": true,
    "Via": "CloudFront"
  },
  "cname_patterns": [
    "cloudfront.net"
  ]
}

Imperva/Incapsula

{
  "headers": {
    "X-Iinfo": true,
    "X-CDN": "Incapsula"
  },
  "cookies": [
    "incap_ses_*",
    "visid_incap_*",
    "nlbi_*"
  ]
}

Inference Logic

def fingerprint_cdn_waf(signals):
    results = []

    # Header-based Detection
    for cdn in CDN_PATTERNS:
        matches = 0
        evidence = []

        for header, expected in cdn.headers.items():
            if header in signals.http_signals.headers:
                if expected == True or expected in signals.http_signals.headers[header]:
                    matches += 1
                    evidence.append({
                        "type": "http_header",
                        "value": f"{header}: {signals.http_signals.headers[header]}"
                    })

        if matches > 0:
            results.append({
                "name": cdn.name,
                "category": cdn.category,
                "signals": evidence,
                "total_weight": cdn.base_weight + (matches * 5)
            })

    # Cookie-based Detection
    for waf in WAF_PATTERNS:
        for cookie in signals.http_signals.cookies:
            for waf_cookie in waf.cookies:
                if waf_cookie in cookie or fnmatch(cookie, waf_cookie):
                    results.append({
                        "name": waf.name,
                        "category": "WAF",
                        "signals": [{
                            "type": "cookie",
                            "value": f"Cookie pattern: {cookie}"
                        }],
                        "total_weight": waf.weight
                    })
                    break

    # CNAME-based Detection
    for cname in signals.dns_signals.cname_records:
        for cdn in CDN_PATTERNS:
            for pattern in cdn.cname_patterns:
                if pattern in cname.target:
                    add_if_not_exists(results, cdn.name, "CDN", {
                        "type": "dns_cname",
                        "value": f"CNAME → {cname.target}"
                    }, cdn.weight)

    # JARM Fingerprint Detection
    if signals.tls_signals.jarm_hash:
        for cdn in JARM_DATABASE:
            if signals.tls_signals.jarm_hash == cdn.jarm_hash:
                add_if_not_exists(results, cdn.name, cdn.category, {
                    "type": "jarm_fingerprint",
                    "value": f"JARM match: {signals.tls_signals.jarm_hash}"
                }, 40)

    return results

Output

{
  "skill": "cdn_waf_fingerprinter",
  "results": {
    "technologies": [
      {
        "name": "Cloudflare",
        "category": "CDN",
        "signals": [
          {
            "type": "http_header",
            "value": "CF-RAY: 7a1b2c3d4e5f6g7h-IAD",
            "weight": 40
          },
          {
            "type": "http_header",
            "value": "Server: cloudflare",
            "weight": 35
          },
          {
            "type": "cookie",
            "value": "__cf_bm cookie present",
            "weight": 30
          }
        ],
        "total_weight": 105,
        "additional_services": ["Bot Management", "DDoS Protection"]
      },
      {
        "name": "Cloudflare WAF",
        "category": "WAF",
        "signals": [
          {
            "type": "cookie",
            "value": "cf_clearance cookie present",
            "weight": 35
          }
        ],
        "total_weight": 35
      }
    ],
    "security_summary": {
      "cdn_provider": "Cloudflare",
      "waf_enabled": true,
      "waf_provider": "Cloudflare WAF",
      "ddos_protection": "Cloudflare",
      "bot_management": "Cloudflare Bot Management"
    },
    "cache_behavior": {
      "cache_status_header": "CF-Cache-Status",
      "observed_statuses": ["HIT", "MISS", "DYNAMIC"]
    }
  }
}

Security Implications

CDN Behind WAF

Cloudflare (CDN + WAF) → Origin Server
- All traffic passes through Cloudflare
- WAF rules applied at edge
- Origin IP potentially hidden

Multiple CDN Layers

CDN1 (Cloudflare) → CDN2 (CloudFront) → Origin
- Possible for different purposes
- Content caching vs security

Error Handling

• Multiple CDN signals: May indicate CDN chain or migration
• Conflicting WAF signals: Report all possibilities
• Missing JARM: Fall back to header/cookie detection