last
last - Enhanced Login History
The last module provides a highly flexible way to view system login history, supporting interactive exploration, tree-based grouping by reboot, and structured data exports (JSON/CSV).
When to Activate
- When the user wants to audit recent system login and logout activity.
- When checking system reboot history in a structured format.
- When performing interactive analysis of user sessions in a TTY.
- When exporting login records for security reporting or external analysis.
Core Principles & Rules
- Interactive Browsing: Default behavior in TTY is an interactive selector for records.
- Tree View: Use
--treeto group sessions by the reboot events that preceded them. - Structured Formats: Support for
-j(JSON) and-c(CSV) for easy parsing.
Patterns & Examples
Interactive Audit
# Browse all login/logout records interactively
x last
Reboot History
# Show only system reboot records
x last --reboot
JSON Export
# Get all login history as a JSON object
x last --json
Grouped View
# Display login records grouped by system reboots in a tree structure
x last --tree
Checklist
- Confirm if the user needs a specific format (JSON, CSV, Tree).
- Verify if filtering by user or reboot is required.
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