diagnostics-development

Purpose

Use this skill when creating diagnostics - the error messages, warnings, and hints shown to users. Covers the Diagnostic trait, advice types, and best practices for clear, actionable messages.

Prerequisites

1. Read crates/biome_diagnostics/CONTRIBUTING.md for concepts
2. Understand Biome's Technical Principles
3. Follow the "show don't tell" philosophy

Diagnostic Principles

1. Explain what - State what the error is (diagnostic message)
2. Explain why - Explain why it's an error (advice notes)
3. Tell how to fix - Provide actionable fixes (code actions, diff advice, command advice)

Follow Technical Principles:

• Informative: Explain, don't just state
• Concise: Short messages, rich context via advices
• Actionable: Always suggest how to fix
• Show don't tell: Prefer code frames over textual explanations

Common Workflows

Create a Diagnostic Type

Use the #[derive(Diagnostic)] macro:

use biome_diagnostics::{Diagnostic, category};

#[derive(Debug, Diagnostic)]
#[diagnostic(
    severity = Error,
    category = "lint/correctness/noVar"
)]
struct NoVarDiagnostic {
    #[location(span)]
    span: TextRange,

    #[message]
    #[description]
    message: MessageAndDescription,

    #[advice]
    advice: NoVarAdvice,
}

#[derive(Debug)]
struct MessageAndDescription;

impl fmt::Display for MessageAndDescription {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "Use 'let' or 'const' instead of 'var'")
    }
}

Implement Advices

Create advice types that implement Advices trait:

use biome_diagnostics::{Advices, Visit};
use biome_console::markup;

struct NoVarAdvice {
    is_const_candidate: bool,
}

impl Advices for NoVarAdvice {
    fn record(&self, visitor: &mut dyn Visit) -> std::io::Result<()> {
        if self.is_const_candidate {
            visitor.record_log(
                LogCategory::Info,
                &markup! {
                    "This variable is never reassigned, use 'const' instead."
                }
            )?;
        } else {
            visitor.record_log(
                LogCategory::Info,
                &markup! {
                    "Variables declared with 'var' are function-scoped, use 'let' for block-scoping."
                }
            )?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }
}

Use Built-in Advice Types

use biome_diagnostics::{LogAdvice, CodeFrameAdvice, DiffAdvice, CommandAdvice, LogCategory};

// Log advice - simple text message
LogAdvice {
    category: LogCategory::Info,
    text: markup! { "Consider using arrow functions." },
}

// Code frame advice - highlight code location
// Fields: path (AsResource), span (AsSpan), source_code (AsSourceCode)
CodeFrameAdvice {
    path: "file.js",
    span: node.text_range(),
    source_code: ctx.source_code(),
}

// Diff advice - show a TextEdit diff
DiffAdvice {
    diff: text_edit,  // must implement AsRef<TextEdit>
}

// Command advice - suggest CLI command
CommandAdvice {
    command: "biome check --write",
}

In practice, most lint rules use the RuleDiagnostic builder pattern instead of constructing advice types directly. See the Add Diagnostic to Rule section below.

Add Diagnostic to Rule

use biome_analyze::{Rule, RuleDiagnostic};

impl Rule for NoVar {
    fn diagnostic(ctx: &RuleContext<Self>, state: &Self::State) -> Option<RuleDiagnostic> {
        let node = ctx.query();

        Some(
            RuleDiagnostic::new(
                rule_category!(),
                node.range(),
                markup! {
                    "Using "<Emphasis>"var"</Emphasis>" is not recommended."
                },
            )
            .note(markup! {
                "Variables declared with "<Emphasis>"var"</Emphasis>" are function-scoped, not block-scoped, which means they can leak outside of loops and conditionals and cause unexpected behavior."
            })
            .note(markup! {
                "Consider using "<Emphasis>"let"</Emphasis>" or "<Emphasis>"const"</Emphasis>" instead."
            })
        )
    }
}

Use Markup for Rich Text

Biome supports rich markup in diagnostic messages:

use biome_console::markup;

markup! {
    // Emphasis (bold/colored)
    "Use "<Emphasis>"const"</Emphasis>" instead."

    // Code/identifiers
    "The variable "<Emphasis>{variable_name}</Emphasis>" is never used."

    // Hyperlinks
    "See the "<Hyperlink href="https://example.com">"documentation"</Hyperlink>"."

    // Interpolation
    "Found "{count}" issues."
}

Register Diagnostic Category

Add new categories to crates/biome_diagnostics_categories/src/categories.rs:

define_categories! {
    // Existing categories...

    "lint/correctness/noVar": "https://biomejs.dev/linter/rules/no-var",
    "lint/style/useConst": "https://biomejs.dev/linter/rules/use-const",
}

Create Multi-Advice Diagnostics

#[derive(Debug, Diagnostic)]
#[diagnostic(severity = Warning)]
struct ComplexDiagnostic {
    #[location(span)]
    span: TextRange,

    #[message]
    message: &'static str,

    // Multiple advices
    #[advice]
    first_advice: LogAdvice<MarkupBuf>,

    #[advice]
    code_frame: CodeFrameAdvice<String, TextRange, String>,

    #[verbose_advice]
    verbose_help: LogAdvice<MarkupBuf>,
}

Add Tags to Diagnostics

#[derive(Debug, Diagnostic)]
#[diagnostic(
    severity = Warning,
    tags(FIXABLE, DEPRECATED_CODE)  // Add diagnostic tags
)]
struct MyDiagnostic {
    // ...
}

Available tags:

• FIXABLE - Diagnostic has fix information
• INTERNAL - Internal error in Biome
• UNNECESSARY_CODE - Code is unused
• DEPRECATED_CODE - Code uses deprecated features

Best Practices

Message Guidelines

Good messages:

// Good - specific and actionable
"Use 'let' or 'const' instead of 'var'"

// Good - explains why
"This variable is never reassigned, consider using 'const'"

// Good - shows what to do
"Remove the unused import statement"

Bad messages:

// Bad - too vague
"Invalid syntax"

// Bad - just states the obvious
"Variable declared with 'var'"

// Bad - no guidance
"This code has a problem"

Advice Guidelines

Show, don't tell:

// Good - shows code frame
CodeFrameAdvice {
    path: "file.js",
    span: node.text_range(),
    source_code: source,
}

// Less helpful - just text
LogAdvice {
    category: LogCategory::Info,
    text: markup! { "The expression at line 5 is always truthy" },
}

Provide actionable fixes:

// Good - shows exact change
DiffAdvice {
    diff: text_edit,  // AsRef<TextEdit>
}

// Less helpful - describes change
LogAdvice {
    category: LogCategory::Info,
    text: markup! { "Change 'var' to 'const'" },
}

Severity Levels

Choose appropriate severity:

// Fatal - Biome can't continue
severity = Fatal

// Error - Must be fixed (correctness, security, a11y)
severity = Error

// Warning - Should be fixed (suspicious code)
severity = Warning

// Information - Style suggestions
severity = Information

// Hint - Minor improvements
severity = Hint

Common Patterns

// Pattern 1: Simple diagnostic with note
RuleDiagnostic::new(
    rule_category!(),
    node.range(),
    markup! { "Main message" },
)
.note(markup! { "Additional context" })

// Pattern 2: Diagnostic with code frame
RuleDiagnostic::new(
    rule_category!(),
    node.range(),
    markup! { "Main message" },
)
.detail(
    node.syntax().text_range(),
    markup! { "This part is problematic" }
)

// Pattern 3: Diagnostic with link
RuleDiagnostic::new(
    rule_category!(),
    node.range(),
    markup! { "Main message" },
)
.note(markup! {
    "See "<Hyperlink href="https://biomejs.dev/linter">"documentation"</Hyperlink>"."
})

// Pattern 4: Conditional advice
impl Advices for MyAdvice {
    fn record(&self, visitor: &mut dyn Visit) -> std::io::Result<()> {
        if self.show_hint {
            visitor.record_log(
                LogCategory::Info,
                &markup! { "Hint: ..." }
            )?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }
}

Tips

• Category format: Use area/group/ruleName format (e.g., lint/correctness/noVar)
• Markup formatting: Use markup! macro for all user-facing text
• Hyperlinks: Always link to documentation for more details
• Code frames: Include for spatial context when helpful
• Multiple advices: Chain multiple pieces of information
• Verbose advices: Use for extra details users can opt into
• Description vs Message: Description for plain text contexts (IDE popover), message for rich display
• Register categories: Don't forget to add to categories.rs

References

• Full guide: crates/biome_diagnostics/CONTRIBUTING.md
• Technical principles: https://biomejs.dev/internals/philosophy/#technical
• Diagnostic trait: crates/biome_diagnostics/src/diagnostic.rs
• Advice types: crates/biome_diagnostics/src/advice.rs
• Examples: Search for #[derive(Diagnostic)] in codebase